Get 702-100 Dumps : Verified Linux Professional Institute BSD Specialist

The command chown changes the ownership of a file or directory. The syntax is chown user:group file, where user is the new owner and group is the new group of the file. In this case, the superuser can grant the user bob write permission to the file by changing both the owner and the group of the file to bob. This way, bob will have the same permissions as the original owner, which is read and write. Alternatively, the superuser can also use the command chmod to change the permissions of the file without changing the ownership. For example, chmod g+w bobsfile will add write permission to the group, and chmod o+w bobsfile will add write permission to others. However, these commands will also affect other users who belong to the same group or are not the owner or the group of the file. References:

• FreeBSD Handbook: File and Directory Ownership
• FreeBSD Handbook: File and Directory Permissions
• Linux Professional Institute BSD Specialist: 702.1 Filesystem and Devices

The command mkdir (short for make directory) creates a new directory with the specified name. The command takes one or more arguments, which are the names of the directories to be created. If the name contains spaces or other special characters, it should be enclosed in quotes. For example, mkdir “My Documents” creates a directory named My Documents. The command also accepts some options, such as -p, which creates the parent directories if they do not exist, or -m, which sets the permissions of the new directory. For example, mkdir -p -m 755 /usr/local/bin creates the directory /usr/local/bin and its parent directories /usr and /usr/local, and sets the permissions of /usr/local/bin to 755 (read, write and execute for the owner, read and execute for the group and others). References:

• [mkdir(1) - FreeBSD Manual Pages]
• [How to Create a Directory in Linux - Linuxize]

The sysctl command is used to set and get kernel state variables, including the FreeBSD security level. The security level is a variable named kern.securelevel, which can have values from -1 to 3, with higher values indicating more restrictions. The security level can only be increased, not decreased, unless the system is rebooted or in single-user mode. The security level affects various operations, such as loading kernel modules, changing immutable flags on files, and modifying device nodes12 References: 1: https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/security/#security-basics-securelevels  2: https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=sysctl &sektion=8

The command pkg upgrade is used to update FreeBSD packages to newer versions. It compares the versions of installed packages with those in the repositories and performs upgrades as necessary. The pkg update command is used to update the repository catalog, but it does not perform the actual package upgrades1.

References:

• FreeBSD Handbook - Packages and Ports

 The sysrc command is used in FreeBSD and NetBSD to manage system-wide daemon and service settings, including those that are started at boot time. It allows administrators to safely edit system rc files, such as /etc/rc.conf, where services to be started at boot time are specified1.

References:

• FreeBSD Handbook - rc.conf
• FreeBSD Man Pages - sysrc