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The primary purpose of a return on investment (ROI) analysis in cybersecurity is to determine if the cost of implementing a solution is justified by the risk reduction or benefits it provides.

Purpose of ROI Analysis:

Evaluates the financial impact of a proposed solution in mitigating identified risks.

Helps determine whether the cost is outweighed by the value gained (risk reduction or operational efficiency).

Key Considerations:

Includes both tangible benefits (e.g., cost savings) and intangible benefits (e.g., reputation protection).

Guides decision-making between implementing or forgoing a solution.

Other Options:

Vendor Selection: ROI is not limited to vendor comparison.

Present Value Calculation: ROI is broader, encompassing benefits over costs.

Annual Loss Expectancy (ALE): A related metric but not the primary purpose of ROI.

Risk-Based Decision Making: EC-Council emphasizes aligning investments with risk mitigation goals.

Economic Evaluation in Security Projects: ROI analysis supports strategic resource allocation.

EC-Council CISO References:

? Best Solution for Credential Compromise

Multi-factor authentication (MFA) adds an additional layer of security by requiring something the user has (e.g., a hard token) in addition to something the user knows (e.g., a password). This greatly mitigates the risk of phishing attacks.

? Why Not Other Options?

A. User education: Effective but insufficient as a standalone solution.

C. Forcing password changes: Provides limited benefit and does not address the root cause.

D. Decreasing administrator privileges: Reduces risk but does not address phishing threats directly.

? EC-Council References

Emphasizes MFA as a critical technical control to enhance security, especially against phishing-related credential theft.

A digital signature ensures the integrity and authenticity of a message by verifying that the content has not been altered during transmission. It uses cryptographic techniques to create a unique hash for the message, which is encrypted using the sender's private key. The recipient can decrypt this hash using the sender's public key and compare it to the computed hash of the received message. If the hashes match, the message remains unaltered, addressing the concern of message alteration.

Corporate governance establishes a framework of rules and practices to ensure accountability, fairness, and transparency in an organization's dealings with shareholders and other stakeholders. This includes oversight of the organization’s strategic direction, risk management, and performance. Internal audit (A) and risk oversight (C) are components of governance, while key performance indicators (D) are metrics used for tracking objectives.

When the expenditures exceed the planned budget during a specific period, the budget is considered to be operating at a deficit. This indicates that the resources allocated are insufficient to cover the costs, necessitating adjustments such as reallocations or finding additional funding sources. Options like a temporary imbalance or surplus do not align with overspending scenarios, and moderate capital expense reallocation would depend on available funds.