ANVE Practice Exam Questions with Answers Axis Network Video Exam Certification

"PoE class 3 delivers up to 15.4 W per port (PSE), with 12.95 W available to the device (PD).

16 × 15.4 W = 246.4 W, but only 16 × 12.95 W = 207.2 W is actually drawn by the devices.

As the total available switch power is 240 W, it can handle 16 PoE class 3 cameras (assuming the draw is calculated at PD consumption)."

— Axis Power over Ethernet Guide

"Class 5 (40 W per camera) and mixed Class 4/Class 5 configurations would exceed the 240 W total switch budget."

— Axis Communications Academy, Network Video Fundamentals, 2022

“Axis devices can use action rules with conditions such as schedule, input, or motion detection. For example, an action rule can be set to play a sound through a network speaker if motion is detected outside of business hours.”

— Axis Communications Academy, Network Video Fundamentals, 2022

“Action rules allow users to automate responses to events by setting conditions. Example: If motion is detected after hours, play a pre-recorded message on a network speaker.”

— Axis Device Event Configuration Guide

A visual camera enables the detection and identification of a person’s face. Visual cameras capture detailed images using visible light, which is necessary for facial recognition and identification applications. While radar, passive infrared sensors, and thermal cameras are useful for detecting movement and heat signatures, they do not provide the detailed imagery required for facial identification. This functionality is detailed in Axis Communications' documentation on camera capabilities.

“Thermal radiation does not pass through standard glass lenses, as glass is opaque to the long-wavelength infrared radiation detected by thermal sensors. Special materials such as germanium are used for thermal camera lenses because they allow infrared radiation to pass through.”

— Axis Communications Academy, Thermal Imaging, 2022

“Conventional glass lenses are not suitable for thermal imaging cameras because they block the wavelengths of infrared energy that thermal sensors use. Therefore, thermal lenses are made from materials like germanium.”

— Axis Communications, Thermal Cameras Technology

"Bandwidth is defined as the maximum rate of data transfer for a given network path, typically measured in bits per second (bps)."

— Axis Communications Academy, Network Video Fundamentals, 2022

"Bandwidth refers to the network’s capacity to carry data, not the amount of data produced or stored."

— Axis Web Article: Understanding Bandwidth

Portcast technology can add audio and I/O functionality to a camera. It allows for the integration of additional functionalities such as audio inputs and outputs, as well as input/output ports for various sensors and devices. This feature enhances the capabilities of the camera beyond just video recording. This information is corroborated by Axis Communications' technical documentation and product guides.

“For covering narrow aisles, a vertical aspect ratio such as 9:16 is preferred as it matches the shape of the scene, allowing for better coverage and detail along the aisle’s length.”

— Axis Communications Academy, Network Video Fundamentals, 2022

“The corridor format (9:16 aspect ratio) maximizes image usability in vertically oriented scenes, such as warehouse aisles or hallways.”

— Axis Corridor Format Technology

"If the IR-cut filter is stuck or not functioning properly, it can cause a color cast or unnatural tint in the image during daylight, similar to what is shown in the right image."

— Axis Communications Academy, Network Video Fundamentals, 2022

"A stuck IR-cut filter often causes an unnatural magenta or pinkish hue in daylight scenes."

— Axis Technical Note: IR-cut Filter Issues

Color temperature is measured in Kelvin (K). This unit of measurement describes the hue of a specific type of light source, ranging from warm (yellow/red) to cool (blue). Understanding color temperature is crucial for setting up cameras in varying lighting conditions to ensure accurate color reproduction. Axis provides detailed guidance on configuring cameras for optimal performance based on color temperature in their user manuals and technical documentation.

Outdoor-ready cameras from Axis can be equipped with a cooling fan and a heater element to handle varying weather conditions. The cooling fan helps manage high temperatures by preventing overheating, while the heater element ensures the camera operates effectively in cold environments by preventing frost and condensation. These features allow the camera to maintain optimal performance and reliability regardless of the weather, as specified in Axis' product datasheets and technical specifications for outdoor models.

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In good conditions, a pixel density of 250 px/m (80 px/ft) is required for identification purposes. This means that at this resolution, the image quality is sufficient to identify individuals, objects, or other details accurately. Identification requires the highest level of detail among the common surveillance objectives (detection, observation, recognition, identification). This pixel density allows for clear and precise visual information necessary for identifying specific features such as facial characteristics or license plates.

AXIS Site Designer is a tool that helps in designing and planning surveillance systems. One of its key features is bandwidth and storage estimation, which allows users to calculate the required network bandwidth and storage capacity based on the selected cameras and their settings. This feature ensures that the surveillance system is properly scaled and resources are efficiently allocated. References: Axis Communications AXIS Site Designer tool documentation and user guides.

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"For stable operation in a VMS environment, it is recommended to assign static IP addresses to cameras to prevent changes that could disrupt video recording and management."

— Axis Communications Academy, Network Video Fundamentals, 2022

"Static IP addressing ensures cameras are always reachable at the same address by the VMS."

— Axis Installation Guide

"An IR-corrected lens is designed to keep the image in focus for both visible and infrared light, ensuring the camera stays in focus when switching from day (color) mode to night (IR) mode."

— Axis Communications Academy, Network Video Fundamentals, 2022

"IR-corrected lenses prevent focus shift when the camera switches between visible and infrared illumination."

— Axis Lens Accessories Guide

"Axis recording appliances can function as servers (handling video data and management), clients (providing user interfaces for playback and live viewing), and PoE sources (powering connected network cameras and devices)."

— Axis S Series Recording Solutions Overview

"Many Axis recording appliances integrate server, client, and PoE switch functions in one device."

— Axis Communications Academy, Network Video Fundamentals, 2022

When replacing an analog camera with an IP camera, a video encoder is useful because it allows the integration of analog cameras into an IP-based system. The encoder converts analog video signals into digital streams that can be transmitted over an IP network, enabling the continued use of existing analog cameras while transitioning to modern IP infrastructure. Axis provides detailed information on their video encoders and their applications in various scenarios in their technical documentation and product brochures.

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A full HD sensor has a 1080p resolution. Full HD, or FHD, refers to a resolution of 1920 x 1080 pixels, which is commonly used in high-definition video and surveillance systems for providing clear and detailed images.

View areas enable multiview streaming by allowing users to stream different parts of the camera's field of view simultaneously. This includes the ability to stream both optically zoomed-in views and the full, normal views at the same time. This feature enhances monitoring flexibility and situational awareness by providing multiple perspectives from a single camera feed. Axis documentation on multiview streaming explains how view areas can be configured to deliver both zoomed and wide-angle views concurrently, facilitating comprehensive surveillance.

"The AXIS P56 Series are cost-effective, high-performance PTZ cameras with HDTV 1080p resolution, 30x optical zoom, and continuous 360° pan capability."

— Axis PTZ Camera Series Overview

"Axis P56 is a series of PTZ (pan/tilt/zoom) cameras for surveillance applications requiring wide area coverage and detail."

— Axis Communications Academy, Network Video Fundamentals, 2022

Continuous recording ensures that no incidents are missed by capturing video footage continuously, without any gaps. This is crucial in security applications where it is important to have a complete record of events, enabling thorough investigations and evidence collection. Continuous recording ensures that every moment is documented, providing comprehensive coverage and peace of mind. References: Axis Communications guidelines on video recording and storage.

Axis cameras offer several advanced focus technologies to enhance image clarity and ease of use. Focus Pinpoint allows for precise manual focus adjustments, ensuring sharpness in critical areas. Focus Recall enables cameras to remember and quickly return to pre-set focus positions, which is useful for surveillance scenarios where the camera frequently moves between different points of interest. According to Axis documentation, these technologies are designed to improve the accuracy and efficiency of camera setup and operation.

Reducing the frames per second (FPS) by 50% will reduce the bitrate by less than 50%. This is because the bitrate is influenced not only by the frame rate but also by the complexity of the image content and the compression efficiency. While lowering the FPS reduces the amount of data being processed, other factors like scene complexity and motion still impact the overall bitrate. Axis documentation on video compression and bitrate management indicates that halving the FPS typically results in a less than proportional reduction in bitrate.

Privacy masks in an Axis camera can be activated and deactivated per stream profile. This allows for flexibility in managing different viewing needs and ensuring privacy in specific scenarios. Users can configure privacy masks to appear in one stream but not in another, making it a versatile feature for various applications. Axis Communications' documentation on privacy masks confirms this capability.

The IP51 and IP52 ratings indicate that the camera is protected against dust and dripping water. IP51 means the camera is protected against dust ingress to a level that would interfere with the operation and against vertically dripping water. IP52 offers the same dust protection but also protects against dripping water when tilted up to 15 degrees. These ratings make the cameras suitable for indoor use where dust and minor water exposure might occur. Axis Network Video documentation specifies the IP rating system and the levels of protection provided by different ratings.

Continuous guard tours involve constant movement of the camera, which limits the effectiveness of H.264 compression. H.264 achieves high compression ratios by identifying and removing redundancies between frames, but continuous motion reduces these redundancies, leading to higher bit rates and, consequently, increased storage consumption. For more details, refer to Axis Communications' technical documentation on H.264 compression and PTZ camera operations.

In a network surveillance installation, a router's primary function is to forward data packets, including video streams, between different networks. This allows devices on separate networks to communicate with each other, enabling the transmission of video feeds from cameras to recording devices or viewing stations located on different network segments. [Reference: Axis Communications - Network Infrastructure for Surveillance Systems]

12 V and 24 V DC power sources are becoming increasingly popular compared to 24 V AC because it is easier to back-up DC with batteries. DC power systems can be directly connected to battery backup systems without the need for conversion, making the implementation simpler and more reliable during power outages. This efficiency in backup capability is one of the primary reasons for the shift from AC to DC in many applications, including surveillance systems. [Reference: Axis Communications - Power over Ethernet for Network Cameras]

The ONVIF (Open Network Video Interface Forum) standard provides several benefits to end users. One key benefit is that it helps create future-proof systems and more secure investments by ensuring interoperability between different manufacturers' devices, which protects against obsolescence. Additionally, ONVIF increases flexibility and offers greater freedom of choice, allowing users to mix and match devices from different vendors, thereby tailoring their security systems to specific needs without being locked into a single manufacturer's ecosystem.

To comply with SMPTE (Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers) standards for HDTV, the camera must meet specific criteria including frame rate, aspect ratio, resolution, and color fidelity. These standards ensure high-quality video suitable for professional broadcast and security applications. Axis cameras designed for HDTV compliance adhere to these standards, providing high-definition video quality. For detailed standards, refer to Axis Communications' documentation on HDTV compliance.

True security when using HTTPS on Axis products is implemented after a signed certificate is installed. This certificate ensures that the communication between the camera and the server is encrypted and authenticated, providing a secure channel that prevents unauthorized access and tampering.

Multicast is a method of data transmission in which a single stream of data is sent from a source to multiple destinations simultaneously. This technique is especially useful in video surveillance because it allows multiple viewers to receive the same video stream without duplicating the data sent across the network. In other words, the video stream only needs to be sent once from the camera, even though there are multiple viewers, reducing network bandwidth usage. This makes option C correct. For more detailed information, refer to Axis Communications' official documentation on network video fundamentals and multicast usage.

When using the view area functionality in Axis cameras, each view area can have its own independent video stream. Additionally, each view area can have its own exposure control setting and text overlay setting. This allows for customized video streams with different exposure settings tailored to specific areas within the camera's field of view, as well as unique text overlays for each view area, providing flexibility in video management and presentation.

Focusing a camera improves image clarity and detail but also increases the bandwidth. This happens because a sharper image contains more detailed information, requiring more data to transmit over the network. Hence, the bandwidth usage increases as the camera focuses more accurately.

A zoom lens maintains focus when changing field of view, whereas a varifocal lens does not necessarily maintain focus when changing the focal length. This means that with a zoom lens, you can zoom in or out and the focus will remain sharp, which is particularly useful for applications requiring continuous focus adjustments. In contrast, varifocal lenses need to be refocused after adjusting the focal length. This distinction is important in video surveillance to ensure clear image capture at varying distances.

The most effective and time-saving way to adjust the focus on the AXIS M3204 camera while onsite is using the remote zoom and focus feature. This feature allows installers to precisely adjust the camera’s zoom and focus settings from a remote location, saving significant time and effort compared to manual adjustments. The AXIS M3204’s specifications and installation guides highlight this feature as a key benefit for efficient setup and maintenance.

People counting analytics with Axis cameras are utilized for various purposes. In retail stores, these analytics provide valuable statistics on customer foot traffic, helping with operational and marketing decisions. Enhanced service levels for public transportation benefit from people counting by monitoring passenger loads and optimizing service schedules. Crowd detection for marketing purposes leverages the analytics to understand customer behavior and preferences in different areas, which can influence marketing strategies. Axis Communications highlights these use cases in their documentation, emphasizing the analytics' role in improving operational efficiency and strategic planning.

Existing coaxial cables can be repurposed for use with network cameras through the use of media converters. These devices convert the analog signals transmitted over coaxial cables into digital signals that can be used by network cameras, allowing for the continued use of existing cabling infrastructure. This approach can be cost-effective and less disruptive compared to installing new network cables. Axis Network Video documentation provides detailed guidance on the use of media converters to leverage existing coaxial cabling for network camera installations.

The AXIS T8414 Installation Display is a portable tool used for easy and efficient installation of network cameras. It can power up a PoE (Power over Ethernet) camera, allowing the installer to work without needing an additional power source. Additionally, the display can take snapshots, which helps in verifying the camera's field of view and focus during installation. It does not support accessing a camera's home page, resetting to factory defaults, or reading user documentation directly. For more details, refer to Axis Communications' product manual for the AXIS T8414 Installation Display.

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When a camera is zoomed out, the field of view increases, causing each object or movement to cover fewer pixels. As a result, more pixels need to change to trigger motion detection. This means the motion detection sensitivity may be reduced unless adjustments are made to the detection settings. For more information, refer to Axis Communications' motion detection setup guides.

Day & Night cameras from Axis are designed to switch to a low-light mode by removing the IR-cut filter, making them sensitive to infrared light. In this mode, the cameras are most sensitive to IR light at a wavelength of 850 nm, which is commonly used in IR illuminators for night vision. This wavelength provides a good balance between visibility and discreetness, allowing the camera to capture clear images in low-light conditions. Axis Network Video documentation details the sensitivity range and performance characteristics of Day & Night cameras, emphasizing the importance of 850 nm wavelength for optimal night-time performance.

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The inverse square law of light intensity states that the intensity of light is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the light source. Given that the light intensity is 1024 lux at 1 meter, we can calculate the distance at which the intensity would be 256 lux.

Since 256 lux is one-fourth of 1024 lux, and the inverse square law states that intensity is proportional to 1/d21/d^21/d2, the distance must be doubled to reduce the intensity by a factor of four. Therefore, the distance at which the light intensity is 256 lux is 2 meters. [Reference: Axis Communications - Illumination Basics]

Motion blur in recordings is typically caused by a slow shutter speed, which allows the camera sensor to capture light for a longer period, resulting in blurred images of moving objects. Increasing the shutter speed reduces the exposure time, which helps to freeze motion and reduce blur. Adjusting the shutter speed is the most effective way to address motion blur in fixed cameras. [Reference: Axis Communications - Image Quality Settings]

The AXISP7214 encoder is designed to support multiple video streams per channel and is capable of delivering high frame rates and resolutions, such as D1 resolution at 30 fps in H.264 format. This encoder can handle the strict requirements of delivering 30 fps for recorded video while managing three streams per channel. Axis Network Video documentation specifies that the AXISP7214 is optimized for high-performance video encoding, making it suitable for applications demanding multiple streams and high frame rates.

To achieve identification at 80 pixels per face for a scene that is 2 meters (6 feet 7 inches) wide, a minimum resolution of 1280 x 720 is needed. This calculation ensures that each face captured in the frame meets the pixel density requirement for clear identification purposes.

The Axis pixel counter is a tool that allows users to verify that the camera's resolution meets the requirements for a specific scene. This is particularly useful in ensuring that critical areas are captured with sufficient detail for identification and analysis. The pixel counter helps in confirming that the pixel density is adequate for the intended surveillance purposes. Detailed explanations can be found in Axis Communications' camera setup and configuration documentation.

Infrared (IR) illuminators with a wavelength of 940 nm do not produce any visible glow. This wavelength is completely invisible to the human eye, making it ideal for covert surveillance applications where the presence of IR illumination needs to be undetectable. Other wavelengths like 650 nm, 750 nm, and 850 nm can produce a faint red glow that may be visible in low light conditions.

Making a list of the Axis network video product serial numbers in an installation is recommended because it makes it easier to identify the camera in AXIS Camera Management. The serial number is a unique identifier that allows administrators to quickly locate, configure, and manage specific devices within the management software, streamlining maintenance and troubleshooting processes.

When installing a camera outdoors to an existing pole, the most important consideration is that the camera has to be ruggedized. Outdoor environments expose cameras to harsh weather conditions, varying temperatures, and potential physical impacts. Ruggedized cameras are designed to withstand these conditions, ensuring reliable performance and longevity.

3D privacy masking in Axis cameras refers to a privacy mask that changes its shape depending on the angle of view. This advanced feature ensures that the privacy mask effectively covers the designated area regardless of the camera’s viewing angle, providing consistent privacy protection as the camera moves or zooms.

To ensure that a surveillance system is not easily sabotaged, it's important to position cameras so that each camera is visible to at least one other camera. This overlapping field of view allows for continuous monitoring even if one camera is tampered with or disabled, providing a higher level of security and redundancy. [Reference: Axis Communications - Surveillance System Design]

Image flickering on an AXIS P1344 can often be attributed to the camera's exposure settings. Flickering is usually caused by lighting conditions that fluctuate at a frequency different from the camera's current exposure settings, leading to the perception of flicker. Adjusting the exposure settings can synchronize the camera with the lighting conditions, thus reducing or eliminating the flickering issue. This can be done by accessing the camera’s web interface and navigating to the image settings to adjust the exposure mode or exposure value. According to Axis Communications' product documentation, fine-tuning the exposure settings is a recommended step to mitigate flickering.

The AXIS Q60 Series cameras are designed to work with 60W PoE to ensure full functionality, including optimal pan and tilt speeds. If connected to a 30W PoE, the camera will still operate, but the pan and tilt functions will be limited in speed due to insufficient power. This limitation is outlined in Axis’s technical documentation for the Q60 Series, which specifies the power requirements and the impact on camera functionality when those requirements are not met.

When upgrading an analog system to IP using encoders, the end of the analog signal must be terminated with a 75 ? resistor. This standard impedance ensures proper signal transmission and prevents signal reflections that can degrade the video quality. Terminating the signal correctly is crucial for maintaining the integrity of the video feed in an analog to IP conversion. For more information, refer to Axis Communications' technical documentation on analog to IP conversion and signal termination.

H.264 is a video compression standard that adjusts the bit rate based on the motion in the scene. Increased motion results in a higher bit rate because more data is required to accurately represent the changes between frames. Additionally, a longer Group of Video (GOV) length, which means fewer I-frames and more P-frames in a sequence, reduces the overall bit rate since I-frames are larger and require more data. References can be found in the Axis Communications documentation and technical white papers on H.264 compression.

The AXIS P3301 is a fixed mini dome camera that features a DC-iris lens, a 2.8-10 mm varifocal lens, and wide dynamic range (WDR). This combination of features makes it the only suitable choice among the listed options to meet the customer's requirements for a fixed mini dome camera with these specific capabilities. More details can be found in the Axis Communications product specifications and data sheets for the AXIS P3301.

The Guard Tour function allows a PTZ camera to automatically move between predefined positions at set intervals. This feature is particularly useful for monitoring multiple areas with a single camera. By configuring a Guard Tour, the camera can sequentially switch between different positions, providing comprehensive coverage without manual intervention. [Reference: Axis Communications - PTZ Camera Configuration]

For 24-hour License Plate Recognition (LPR) of fast-moving cars, adequate illumination is crucial. Infrared (IR) light is essential because it allows for clear image capture in low light or nighttime conditions. IR light ensures that the camera can consistently capture high-quality images of license plates regardless of the time of day, which is vital for accurate LPR. PoE (Power over Ethernet), processing speed, and interlaced scanning are also important, but without IR light, the system cannot reliably operate 24 hours a day. This information is verified from Axis Communications’ documentation on LPR systems and best practices for lighting.

IEEE 802.1X is a network access control protocol that provides an authentication mechanism for devices wishing to connect to a LAN or WLAN. It ensures that only approved devices are granted access to the network, thereby preventing unauthorized devices from connecting. This makes it impossible for someone to disconnect a camera and connect another device to eavesdrop on the network. Therefore, the correct answer is B. For more detailed information, refer to Axis Communications' documentation on network security features and IEEE 802.1X.

The integrator is responsible for documenting a video surveillance installation. This documentation includes details on camera placement, network configurations, system settings, and operational instructions. Proper documentation ensures that the system can be maintained, troubleshooted, and upgraded efficiently. It also provides a reference for any future modifications or expansions of the surveillance system. [Reference: Axis Communications - Best Practices for Surveillance System Installation]

Ghost image occurs when the shutter time is too long. Long shutter times can cause moving objects to appear blurry or leave a "ghost" trail in the image, as the sensor is exposed to the scene for an extended period, capturing multiple positions of a moving object within a single frame.

Axis' Corridor Format is designed to provide a vertically oriented video stream, which is ideal for monitoring narrow areas such as aisles. This format minimizes wasted space in the field of view and focuses on the desired area. For a retailer wanting to capture more of the aisle and less of the shelves, enabling Corridor Format on the AXIS M3204 camera would be the best solution. Detailed setup instructions can be found in Axis Communications' user manuals and configuration guides for Corridor Format.

When dealing with a poorly lit scene, adding light is the most effective option to improve image quality. Proper illumination ensures that the camera's sensor can capture clear and detailed images, reducing noise and enhancing visibility. While adjusting exposure settings, brightness, or changing camera placement can help, they are secondary to the fundamental requirement of adequate lighting.

Video motion detection (VMD) in PTZ (Pan-Tilt-Zoom) cameras is feasible but primarily when the camera is used as a stationary camera. PTZ cameras can activate motion detection when they are not moving, as movement of the camera itself would otherwise trigger the VMD. When the camera is stationary, it can effectively detect motion within its field of view similar to a fixed camera. Therefore, option B is correct. For more detailed information, refer to Axis Communications' guidelines on VMD functionality in PTZ cameras.

According to Johnson's criteria, the detection range for a person with an AXIS Q1921 with a 60 mm lens in clear weather is 1200 meters (3900 feet). This means that a human observer is able to detect a person at this distance with a 50% probability. Johnson's criteria is a widely accepted method for calculating the probability of detection, recognition, and identification of objects in surveillance imagery.

Before upgrading an installation with analog PTZ cameras using Axis Q-line encoders, it is crucial to check that the PTZ driver is supported. Ensuring compatibility of the PTZ driver with the encoder guarantees that all pan, tilt, and zoom functionalities will work correctly after the upgrade, maintaining the camera's full operational capabilities.

To ensure that 20 cameras show the same synchronized date and time in Live View, the best method is to synchronize the date and time with a remote NTP (Network Time Protocol) server. NTP servers are designed to synchronize clocks of network devices, ensuring accurate and consistent timekeeping across all connected devices. This method is reliable and commonly used in networked environments to maintain time synchronization across multiple devices.

When connecting and powering a PIR sensor from an Axis camera's I/O port, the output DC voltage provided is 3.3 V. This is a standard output voltage for many Axis network cameras, which allows integration of various low-power devices and sensors directly with the camera’s I/O ports.

Using PoE (Power over Ethernet) to power cameras helps keep them running during a power outage because PoE cameras are centrally powered from the Ethernet switches, which are often backed up by an uninterrupted power supply (UPS). This means that in the event of a power failure, the UPS can provide temporary power to the switches and, consequently, to the connected PoE cameras, ensuring continuous operation.

To achieve four H.264 streams at 30 fps from the same camera product that can deliver two full resolution 30 fps H.264 streams, the resolution of the streams must be decreased. By lowering the resolution, the camera reduces the amount of data processed and transmitted for each stream, making it possible to support additional streams. Axis Network Video documentation indicates that stream configuration, including resolution and frame rate adjustments, allows cameras to manage multiple streams effectively while maintaining performance.

Incorrect colors due to faulty calibration or configuration in network cameras can lead to a false representation of the video footage. This is because the colors captured and displayed by the camera do not accurately reflect the actual scene, which can be critical in surveillance applications where precise color reproduction is necessary for identification and evidence purposes. While other options could be related issues, they do not directly address the primary consequence of incorrect color calibration. For more detailed information, refer to Axis Communications' technical notes on camera calibration and color accuracy.

The background of the scene is slightly out of focus due to a shallow depth of field. Depth of field refers to the range of distance within a photo that appears acceptably sharp. A shallow depth of field results in a narrow focus area, causing objects outside this area to appear blurred. This can be influenced by the aperture setting of the lens, the focal length, and the distance to the subject. Axis documentation on camera setup and focus adjustments provides guidance on managing depth of field to ensure optimal image clarity.

A system designer should recommend the installation of standalone multi-channel video encoders when large numbers of cameras are located near the central monitoring room. This setup allows for efficient centralization of video feeds from multiple analog cameras, converting them to digital signals for easier management and storage. Using multi-channel encoders in this scenario optimizes space and reduces the complexity of wiring compared to installing separate encoders for each camera. Axis Communications' guidelines on transitioning from analog to IP systems support this recommendation.

For covert surveillance, modular cameras are the best choice. These cameras consist of a small sensor unit connected to a main unit by a cable, allowing the sensor unit to be discreetly placed in tight spaces while the main unit is hidden elsewhere. This makes modular cameras ideal for situations where discretion is paramount. Axis Communications offers a range of modular cameras specifically designed for covert applications, as detailed in their product documentation and solutions guides.

OptimizedIR technology in Axis cameras refers to the intelligent adaptation of IR illumination to the camera's field of view. This ensures even illumination across the entire scene, reducing overexposure and underexposure caused by traditional fixed IR lights. The IR LEDs adjust their intensity and spread according to the zoom level and scene requirements, providing optimal image quality in low-light conditions. Axis documentation highlights OptimizedIR as a feature that enhances night-time surveillance by ensuring balanced lighting.

The main benefit of signed firmware is that it allows the device to verify the integrity and authenticity of the firmware before it is installed. This process ensures that the firmware has not been tampered with and is from a trusted source, thereby enhancing the security of the device. Signed firmware prevents unauthorized or malicious firmware from being installed, which is crucial for maintaining the security and reliability of network devices. Axis documentation emphasizes the importance of signed firmware in protecting devices from potential security threats by verifying the firmware's integrity.

The AXIS V5938 is a professional video broadcasting camera designed specifically for high-quality video streaming and broadcasting applications. It offers features such as 4K Ultra HD resolution, powerful zoom capabilities, and advanced image processing, making it ideal for live broadcasts, webcasting, and other professional video applications. Axis documentation highlights the V5938 as a top choice for video broadcast due to its superior image quality and streaming capabilities.

Fixed box cameras typically use a CS-mount lens, which allows for easy installation and flexibility in changing lenses to meet different surveillance needs. The CS-mount standard is widely used in the security industry and provides compatibility with a variety of lens types. Axis Communications' fixed box cameras often feature CS-mount lenses, as detailed in their product specifications and installation guides.

UDP (User Datagram Protocol) has less overhead information compared to TCP (Transmission Control Protocol). UDP is a simpler, connectionless protocol that does not require handshaking or error-checking mechanisms, resulting in lower overhead and faster transmission of data. This makes UDP more efficient for real-time applications such as video streaming, as detailed in Axis Communications' technical guides on network protocols.

Typically, a system designer calculates the pixel density based on the horizontal resolution and the field of view. Pixel density is crucial in determining the level of detail a camera can capture in a specific area. Horizontal resolution refers to the number of pixels along the horizontal axis of the image sensor, while the field of view is the extent of the observable area captured by the camera. This calculation helps in ensuring that the camera setup meets the surveillance requirements.

"The field of view (FOV) of a camera is determined by the focal length of the lens and the size of the image sensor. A shorter focal length gives a wider FOV, while a larger sensor size also increases the FOV."

— Axis Communications Academy, Network Video Fundamentals, 2022

"FOV = 2 × arctan (sensor size / (2 × focal length))."

— Axis Lens Guide White Paper

"The image shows a coaxial cable terminated with a BNC (Bayonet Neill–Concelman) connector. This type of connection is commonly used for analog video and some specialized network applications such as Axis video encoders."

— Axis Communications Academy, Network Video Fundamentals, 2022

"BNC connectors are standard for coaxial cabling in CCTV and video encoder installations."

— Axis Video Encoder Product Page

PoE (Power over Ethernet) Class 3 corresponds to a power level of 15.4 W at the Power Sourcing Equipment (PSE). This classification allows the delivery of up to 15.4 W of power over standard Ethernet cables to devices such as IP cameras and VoIP phones. This information is based on the IEEE 802.3af standard, which defines the power levels for different PoE classes. Axis Communications' documentation on PoE standards confirms this power level for Class 3.

"Radar devices provide detection and tracking capabilities, including real-time geographical position and speed of people and vehicles within their coverage area."

— Axis Radar Technology Overview

"Axis security radars accurately detect, classify, and track moving people and vehicles, providing precise GPS coordinates."

— Axis Communications Academy, Network Video Fundamentals, 2022

Routers use IP addresses to determine where to send data packets. IP addresses provide the unique identification needed for routing data across networks, enabling the router to direct packets to their correct destinations. This fundamental aspect of network communication is outlined in Axis Communications' documentation on network protocols and IP-based systems.

"In Axis’ product naming convention, the suffix '-B' stands for 'Bullet camera,' indicating that the device is a bullet-style camera model."

— Axis Communications Academy, Network Video Fundamentals, 2022

“-B at the end of the model name typically refers to Bullet camera models, e.g., AXIS M2025-LE-B.”

— Axis Product Naming Guide

Axis Sharpdome technology provides the advantage of enabling PTZ cameras to see above the horizon. This innovative design allows for 360-degree coverage and significantly enhances the field of view, making it possible to monitor areas both above and below the camera’s position without distortion. This feature is particularly beneficial for applications requiring extensive coverage and flexible monitoring angles. Axis Communications' product details on Sharpdome technology highlight this capability.

Axis Official Documentation Extract:

“The unique design of the Sharpdome enables an innovative viewing experience, allowing the PTZ camera to see above its own horizon, giving more usable coverage, especially on uneven terrain or in hilly cities. This capability is called Axis Sharpdome technology.”

— Source: AXIS Q61 Series Sharpdome Technology

Supporting Extract from Axis Study Guide:

“Sharpdome technology allows PTZ cameras to deliver sharp images in all directions, and for the first time, the camera can view above the horizon, which is not possible with conventional dome cameras.”

— Axis Communications Academy, Network Video Fundamentals, 2022

When using AXIS People Counter, the camera lens must be facing straight down. This positioning ensures the most accurate counting of people as they pass through the monitored area. The overhead view eliminates obstructions and provides a clear field of vision directly below the camera, which is essential for precise counting. This recommendation is verified by Axis Communications' guidelines on deploying the AXIS People Counter application.

Video analytics applications detect movement perpendicular to the camera more easily than movement toward or away from the camera. This is because objects moving perpendicular to the camera create more significant changes in the pixel patterns, making it easier for the analytics software to detect and analyze the movement. Movement toward or away from the camera results in smaller changes in pixel patterns, which can be harder to detect accurately. References: Axis Communications documentation on video analytics and movement detection.

"A midspan (PoE injector) can provide the necessary power level for PoE+ (Class 4) devices when the existing switch only supports standard PoE (Class 3). The midspan is placed between the switch and the device."

— Axis PoE Solutions Overview

"A midspan is recommended when extra power is needed but the switch does not support the higher class."

— Axis Communications Academy, Network Video Fundamentals, 2022

To wire an external 12V relay to the output port of an Axis camera, the GND and I/O1 pins should be used. The GND (ground) provides the necessary electrical return path, and the I/O1 pin is used for the output signal to control the relay. According to Axis technical documentation, these connections allow for proper integration and control of external devices such as relays, ensuring they function correctly with the camera's output capabilities.

A router is a device used to forward data from one Local Area Network (LAN) to another. It operates at the network layer (Layer 3) of the OSI model and uses IP addresses to determine the best path for data packets to travel between networks. Routers connect multiple networks, manage traffic, and facilitate communication between different network segments. References: Axis Communications network design documentation and standard networking resources.

The maximum distance from a midspan to a camera requiring PoE+ (25.5 W) is 100 meters (328 feet). This distance limitation is due to the standard Ethernet cable length limit, ensuring effective power delivery and data transmission over the network.