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The indicator that is generally indicative of a replay attack when dealing with biometric authentication is an exact match. A replay attack is a type of attack or a threat that aims or intends to bypass or to break the authentication or the verification mechanism or process of a system or a service, by capturing or recording the authentication or the verification data or information, such as the username, the password, or the token, and replaying or resending the authentication or the verification data or information to the system or the service, as if it was the legitimate or the authentic user or device. A replay attack can result or lead to the unauthorized or the inappropriate access or login to the system or the service, by the attacker or the malicious actor. Biometric authentication is a type of authentication or a verification mechanism or process that uses or applies the biometric features or characteristics of the user or the device, such as the fingerprint, the iris, or the voice, to identify or to authenticate the user or the device, and to grant or to deny the access or the login to the system or the service. Biometric authentication can provide a high level of security or protection for the system or the service, as it can prevent or reduce the risk of impersonation, duplication, or sharing of the biometric features or characteristics of the user or the device. However, biometric authentication can also be vulnerable or susceptible to the replay attack, as the attacker or the malicious actor can capture or record the biometric features or characteristics of the user or the device, such as by using a camera, a scanner, or a microphone, and replay or resend the biometric features or characteristics to the system or the service, as if it was the legitimate or the authentic user or device. The indicator that is generally indicative of a replay attack when dealing with biometric authentication is an exact match, which means that the biometric features or characteristics of the user or the device that are captured or recorded by the attacker or the malicious actor, and that are replayed or resent to the system or the service, are identical or indistinguishable to the biometric features or characteristics of the user or the device that are stored or registered in the system or the service, and that are used or compared for the authentication or the verification. An exact match can indicate or suggest that the biometric features or characteristics of the user or the device are not genuine or live, but rather fake or replayed, and that the authentication or the verification mechanism or process of the system or the service is compromised or breached by the replay attack.

• A. False Acceptance Rate (FAR) is greater than 1 in 100,000 is not the indicator that is generally indicative of a replay attack when dealing with biometric authentication, but rather a metric or a measure that evaluates or assesses the performance or the accuracy of the biometric authentication mechanism or process, by calculating or estimating the probability or the likelihood that the biometric authentication mechanism or process will accept or grant the access or the login to the user or the device that is not authorized or authenticated, such as the attacker or the malicious actor, and that will cause or create a false positive or an error. FAR is greater than 1 in 100,000 means that the biometric authentication mechanism or process will accept or grant the access or the login to the user or the device that is not authorized or authenticated, more than one time out of 100,000 times, and that will cause or create a false positive or an error, more than one time out of 100,000 times. FAR is greater than 1 in 100,000 can indicate or suggest that the biometric authentication mechanism or process has a low or a poor performance or accuracy, and that it has a high or a significant risk of unauthorized or inappropriate access or login to the system or the service, by the user or the device that is not authorized or authenticated, such as the attacker or the malicious actor. However, FAR is greater than 1 in 100,000 is not the indicator that is generally indicative of a replay attack when dealing with biometric authentication, as it does not specify or imply the type or the method of the attack or the threat that causes or creates the false positive or the error, such as the replay attack, the spoofing attack, or the brute force attack.
• B. False Rejection Rate (FRR) is greater than 5 in 100 is not the indicator that is generally indicative of a replay attack when dealing with biometric authentication, but rather a metric or a measure that evaluates or assesses the performance or the accuracy of the biometric authentication mechanism or process, by calculating or estimating the probability or the likelihood that the biometric authentication mechanism or process will reject or deny the access or the login to the user or the device that is authorized or authenticated, such as the legitimate or the authentic user or device, and that will cause or create a false negative or an error. FRR is greater than 5 in 100 means that the biometric authentication mechanism or process will reject or deny the access or the login to the user or the device that is authorized or authenticated, more than five times out of 100 times, and that will cause or create a false negative or an error, more than five times out of 100 times. FRR is greater than 5 in 100 can indicate or suggest that the biometric authentication mechanism or process has a low or a poor performance or accuracy, and that it has a high or a significant risk of unauthorized or inappropriate rejection or denial of the access or the login to the system or the service, by the user or the device that is authorized or authenticated, such as the legitimate or the authentic user or device. However, FRR is greater than 5 in 100 is not the indicator that is generally indicative of a replay attack when dealing with biometric authentication, as it does not specify or imply the type or the method of the attack or the threat that causes or creates the false negative or the error, such as the replay attack, the spoofing attack, or the brute force attack.
• C. Inadequately specified templates is not the indicator that is generally indicative of a replay attack when dealing with biometric authentication, but rather a factor or a cause that affects or influences the performance or the accuracy of the biometric authentication mechanism or process, by creating or generating the templates or the models that are used or applied for the biometric authentication mechanism or process, and that are based or derived on the biometric features or characteristics of the user or the device, such as the fingerprint, the iris, or the voice. Inadequately specified templates means that the templates or the models that are used or applied for the biometric authentication mechanism or process, and that are based or derived on the biometric features or characteristics of the user or the device, are not specified or defined properly or sufficiently, and that they have some issues or problems, such as the low quality, the high variability, or the lack of uniqueness. Inadequately specified templates can affect or influence the performance or the accuracy of the biometric authentication mechanism or process, as they can increase or enhance the probability or the likelihood of the false positive or the false negative, or the error, and as they can decrease or reduce the probability or the likelihood of the true positive or the true negative, or the success. However, inadequately specified templates is not the indicator that is generally indicative of a replay attack when dealing with biometric authentication, as it does not specify or imply the type or the method of the attack or the threat that exploits or takes advantage of the inadequately specified templates, such as the replay attack, the spoofing attack, or the brute force attack.

References: CISSP All-in-One Exam Guide, Eighth Edition, Chapter 5, page 149; Official (ISC)2 CISSP CBK Reference, Fifth Edition, Chapter 5, page 214

 The advantage of on premise credential management systems is that they provide more control over the system configuration and customization. On premise credential management systems are the systems that store and manage the credentials, such as usernames, passwords, tokens, or certificates, of the users or the devices within an organization’s own network or infrastructure. On premise credential management systems can offer more flexibility and security for the organization, as they can tailor the system to their specific needs and requirements, and they can enforce their own policies and standards for the credential management.

• A. Improved credential interoperability is not an advantage of on premise credential management systems, but rather an advantage of cloud-based credential management systems. Cloud-based credential management systems are the systems that store and manage the credentials of the users or the devices on a third-party cloud service provider’s network or infrastructure. Cloud-based credential management systems can offer more interoperability and scalability for the organization, as they can support different types of credentials and devices, and they can adjust to the changing demand and workload of the credential management.
• C. Lower infrastructure capital costs is not an advantage of on premise credential management systems, but rather an advantage of cloud-based credential management systems. Cloud-based credential management systems can reduce the infrastructure capital costs for the organization, as they do not require the organization to purchase, install, or maintain their own hardware or software for the credential management. Instead, the organization can pay a subscription fee or a usage fee to the cloud service provider for the credential management service.
• D. Reduced administrative overhead is not an advantage of on premise credential management systems, but rather an advantage of cloud-based credential management systems. Cloud-based credential management systems can reduce the administrative overhead for the organization, as they do not require the organization to perform the tasks or the functions related to the credential management, such as backup, recovery, patching, or updating. Instead, the cloud service provider can handle these tasks or functions for the organization, as part of the credential management service.

References: CISSP All-in-One Exam Guide, Eighth Edition, Chapter 6, page 346; Official (ISC)2 CISSP CBK Reference, Fifth Edition, Chapter 6, page 307

The process called when impact values are assigned to the security objectives for information types is system security categorization. System security categorization is a process of determining the potential impact on an organization if a system or information is compromised, based on the security objectives of confidentiality, integrity, and availability. System security categorization helps to identify the security requirements and controls for the system or information, as well as to prioritize the resources and efforts for protecting them. System security categorization can be based on the standards or guidelines provided by the organization or the relevant authorities, such as the Federal Information Processing Standards (FIPS) Publication 199 or the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Special Publication 800-6034 References: CISSP All-in-One Exam Guide, Eighth Edition, Chapter 1: Security and Risk Management, p. 29; Official (ISC)2 CISSP CBK Reference, Fifth Edition, Domain 1: Security and Risk Management, p. 31.

OAuth 2.0 is an authorization framework that enables a third-party application to obtain limited access to an HTTP service, either on behalf of a resource owner or by allowing the third-party application to obtain access on its own behalf. The end user must provide an access token to the service provider, which is issued by an authorization server after the user grants permission to the third-party application. The access token represents the user’s identity and the scope of access granted by the user. The service provider can then use the access token to authenticate the user and provide the requested service. A username and password are not required by OAuth 2.0, as they are only used to authenticate the user to the authorization server, not the service provider. A username or a password alone are not sufficient to authenticate the user to the service provider, as they do not indicate the scope of access granted by the user. References: OAuth 2.0, CISSP All-in-One Exam Guide, Eighth Edition, Chapter 5: Identity and Access Management (IAM)

Logging and audit trail controls are designed to record and monitor the activities and events that occur on a system or network. They can provide valuable information for forensic analysis, such as the source, destination, time, and type of an event, the user or process involved, the data or resources accessed or modified, and the outcome or status of the event. Logging and audit trail controls can help identify the cause, scope, impact, and timeline of an attack, as well as the evidence and artifacts left by the attacker. They can also help determine the effectiveness and gaps of the preventive and detective controls, and support the incident response and recovery processes. Logging and audit trail controls should be configured, protected, and reviewed according to the organizational policies and standards, and comply with the legal and regulatory requirements.