CITM-001 Practice Exam Questions with Answers Certified Information Technology Manager (CITM) Certification

Dropbox is a cloud-based file sharing application that allows users to store, sync, and share documents, photos, videos, and other files across multiple devices. Users can access their files from any web browser, desktop app, or mobile app, and share them with others via links or folders. Dropbox also offers security features such as encryption, password protection, and remote wipe. References: File sharing - Easily share files, documents, and links - Dropbox, Best file sharing apps in 2024 | Tom’s Guide

Lower level management, also known as supervisory or operational management, is the lowest tier of the managerial hierarchy. It consists of managers who oversee the work of employees and report to middle level managers. Lower level managers can make use of the managerial hierarchy to obtain approvals or additional guidance from their superiors when they face problems or challenges that are beyond their authority or expertise. The managerial hierarchy also helps lower level managers to communicate and coordinate with other managers and departments within the organization. References: 3, CITM Study Guide, Chapter 2: Organizational Structure and Design, Section 2.1: Types of Organizational Structures, Page 18.

According to the CITM certification, there are six trends that have drastically altered the way organizations use technology. These are:

• Cloud computing: The delivery of computing services over the internet, such as servers, storage, databases, networking, software, analytics, and intelligence. Cloud computing enables organizations to access scalable, flexible, and cost-effective IT resources on demand.
• Big data and analytics: The collection, processing, and analysis of large and complex data sets to generate insights and value. Big data and analytics enable organizations to improve decision making, optimize operations, enhance customer experience, and create new products and services.
• Social media and collaboration: The use of online platforms and tools to communicate, share, and interact with others. Social media and collaboration enable organizations to engage with customers, employees, partners, and stakeholders, as well as to foster innovation and knowledge sharing.
• Mobile and wireless: The use of devices and networks that allow users to access information and services anytime and anywhere. Mobile and wireless enable organizations to extend their reach, improve productivity, and offer convenience and personalization.
• Internet of things (IoT): The network of physical objects that are embedded with sensors, software, and other technologies to connect and exchange data with other devices and systems. IoT enables organizations to monitor and control their assets, processes, and environments, as well as to create new business models and opportunities.
• Cybersecurity: The protection of information systems and data from unauthorized access, use, disclosure, modification, or destruction. Cybersecurity enables organizations to safeguard their assets, reputation, and trust, as well as to comply with laws and regulations.

References:

• CITM certification, page 9
• McKinsey Technology Trends Outlook 2023
• Here’s how technology has changed the world since 2000
• 10 Ways Technology Has Reshaped the Modern Workplace

When deciding on system alternatives, the IT manager has to consider the following points1:

• Technological feasibility: The IT manager has to assess whether the proposed system can be implemented with the available technology, resources, and skills. The IT manager has to evaluate the technical risks, challenges, and benefits of each alternative.
• Organizational impact: The IT manager has to analyze how the proposed system will affect the organization’s structure, culture, processes, and performance. The IT manager has to consider the stakeholders’ needs, expectations, and resistance to change. The IT manager has to ensure that the system aligns with the organization’s vision, mission, and goals.
• Financial constraints: The IT manager has to estimate the costs and benefits of each alternative, including the initial investment, operating expenses, maintenance costs, and return on investment. The IT manager has to compare the alternatives based on their financial viability and value for money. The IT manager has to secure the necessary funding and budget for the system. References: 1: EXIN EPI Certified InformationTechnology Manager, Module 6: IT Project Management, Section 6.3: System Analysis and Design, Page 6-11.

 Classes are a representation of some real-world thing and a number of specific instances of that thing. Classes define the common characteristics and behaviors of a group of objects, such as properties, methods, and events. Objects are individual instances of classes that can have different values for the properties and variables defined by the class. Procedures are blocks of code that perform a specific task or function. Links are connections between objects that allow communication and interaction. References: Objects and Classes – Programming Fundamentals, Objects and classes - Visual Basic, Object-Oriented Programming: Objects, Classes & Methods

 An Integrated Global IT approach is a strategy that aims to align the IT functions and capabilities of a firm with its global business objectives and needs. One of the benefits of this approach is that it enables the firm to provide more consistent customer service internationally, by leveraging common platforms, standards, processes, and data across different regions and markets. This can enhance customer satisfaction, loyalty, and retention, as well as reduce costs and risks associated with IT fragmentation and duplication. References: Integrated Global IT approach customer service, Toward an integrated technology operating model, Managing Global Customers: An Integrated Approach, Five steps to an integrated customer experience

Managerial control decisions are those that involve measuring and correcting the performance of activities of subordinates to ensure that the enterprise objectives and plans are being accomplished. Managerial control decisions fall between operational and strategic planning because they are concerned with both executing the strategy and tracking its progress. Operational control decisions are those that focus on the efficiency and effectiveness of specific processes, tasks, and functions. Strategic control decisions are those that evaluate the alignment of the strategy with the external and internal environment, and make adjustments if necessary. References: Managerial Control: Definition, Features, Scope, and Process, Types and Levels of Control – Principles of Management, The Control Function of Management - MIT Sloan Management Review

An attribute is a property that describes various characteristics of an entity. For example, an entity type called Employee may have attributes such as name, age, salary, department, etc. An attribute can also be a primary key that uniquely identifies an entity instance, or a foreign key that references another entity type. An attribute can have a data type, a domain, and a constraint that define its format, range, and validity. An attribute is represented by an oval in an ER diagram, and by a column in a table. References: 3, EXIN EPI Certified Information Technology Manager - EXIN (page 23)

A DBMS is software that monitors and maintains accurate, quality data in a data structure. It helps organizations optimize, store, retrieve and manage data in a database. A DBMS consists of a group of programs that manipulate the database and accept requests for data from an application or user. A DBMS can also provide security, redundancy, abstraction, and multiple views of the data. A DBMS that stores data in tables and uses relationships between them is called a relational DBMS or RDBMS. Some examples of popular DBMS software are PostgreSQL, Oracle Database, Microsoft SQL Server, MySQL, SQLite, IBM Db2, etc. References: What is DBMS? Database Management Systems, Explained, What Is a DBMS? - LearnSQL.com, Database management system (DBMS) | Definition & Facts.

 Managers today make Information Technology an integral part of their jobs because IT plays a fundamental role in both the structure and control of the modern business. IT enables managers to perform various tasks such as planning, organizing, leading, and controlling more efficiently and effectively. IT also helps managers to communicate, coordinate, and collaborate with internal and external stakeholders, as well as to access, analyze, and interpret information for decision making. IT also supports innovation, creativity, and competitiveness in the dynamic and globalized environment. Therefore, managers need to have an excellent grasp of the functionality, capabilities, and effects of the technology that they implement and manage. References: https://www.exin.com/business-service-management/exin-epi-it-management/certified-information-technology-manager/

https://aibm.us/certified-it-manager-citm/

Interviews are a user-oriented design technique that allows the systems analyst to spend a great deal of time with the users, understanding their needs, preferences, expectations, and problems. Interviews can be structured, semi-structured, or unstructured, depending on the level of flexibility and depth required. Interviews can provide rich and detailed insights into the users’ context, goals, tasks, and pain points, as well as their feedback and suggestions for improvement. Interviews can also help to establish rapport and trust between the systems analyst and the users, which can facilitate the design process and user acceptance. References: User-Centered Design Basics | Usability.gov, User-centered design: Definition, examples, and tips

Important decisions may require more care in analyzing data because they have higher stakes, greater uncertainty, and more complexity. Data analysis can help managers to identify patterns, trends, correlations, and causal relationships that can inform their decision making. Data analysis can also help managers to evaluate alternatives, test hypotheses, and predict outcomes. However, data analysis is not a substitute for judgment, intuition, and creativity. Managers should also consider the quality, reliability, and validity of the data, as well as the ethical and social implications of their decisions. References: CITM Course Outline, Sample Exam - GAQM, TEST 1 2020, questions and answers - CITM 102 TEST BANKS … - Studocu

Global information systems are information systems that span multiple countries, cultures, and organizations. They enable the sharing of data, knowledge, and resources across borders and regions. However, limited access to high speed internet may impede the development of global information systems, as it affects the quality, speed, reliability, and security of communication and collaboration. According to the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), in 2020, only 51.4% of the world’s population had access to the internet, and only 19.1% had fixed broadband subscriptions1. This means that many people and regions are still digitally excluded or underserved, especially in developing countries and rural areas. This digital divide may create challenges and barriers for the design, implementation, and management of global information systems, such as:

• Lack of infrastructure and resources: Developing and maintaining global information systems requires adequate and stable infrastructure and resources, such as servers, routers, cables, satellites, power supply, bandwidth, etc. However, many regions lack the necessary infrastructure and resources to support high speed internet access, or face high costs and risks of disruption or damage2. This may limit the availability, performance, and scalability of global information systems, and increase the complexity and cost of their development and maintenance.
• Lack of interoperability and standardization: Global information systems need to ensure interoperability and standardization among different systems, platforms, protocols, formats, and languages. However, limited access to high speed internet may hinder the adoption and integration of common standards and technologies, such as cloud computing, web services, APIs, etc. This may result in compatibility issues, data inconsistency, and inefficiency of global information systems, and require more effort and coordination to achieve interoperability and standardization3.
• Lack of user participation and satisfaction: Global information systems need to consider the needs, preferences, and expectations of diverse and distributed users and stakeholders. However, limited access to high speed internet may affect the userparticipation and satisfaction of global information systems, as it may reduce the usability, accessibility, and functionality of the systems, and cause delays, errors, or failures of communication and collaboration. This may lead to user frustration, dissatisfaction, and resistance, and lower the adoption and acceptance of global information systems.

References: Measuring digital development: Facts and figures 2020, Challenges and Opportunities of Global Information Systems Development: A Comparative Analysis, Global Information Systems: Challenges and Opportunities, [The Impact of Internet Speed on Online User Behaviour and Satisfaction]

evelopment, testing, installation, and maintenance12 The installation stage is the sixth and final stage of the SDLC, where the system is deployed to the target environment and made available to the end users. This stage involves activities such as hardware and software installation, configuration, data migration, user training, and documentation. The installation stage ensures that the system is functional, secure, and meets the user expectations34 References: 1: Systems development life cycle - Wikipedia 2: System Design Life Cycle | SDLC (Design) - GeeksforGeeks 3: System Design Life Cycle | SDLC (Design) 4: System Development Life Cycle - GeeksforGeeks

A client-server environment is a type of distributed system that divides the application logic into three layers: presentation, application, and data. The presentation layer is responsible for the user interface and interaction, the application layer contains the business logic and functionality, and the data layer manages the storage and retrieval of data. Each layer can run on a different machine or server, allowing for scalability, modularity, and security1234 References:

• 1: Client Server Architecture: Types, Examples, & Benefits
• 2: Client-Server Model - GeeksforGeeks
• 3: What is Three-Tier Architecture | IBM
• 4: Figure 1. The Client/Server Computing Environment - IBM

Tangible costs are those that can be easily quantified and measured, such as direct expenses or physical assets. However, in some cases, tangible costs savings can be difficult to estimatebecause they depend on various factors, such as the expected life cycle of the asset, the depreciation rate, the maintenance costs, the opportunity costs, and the market conditions. For example, if a company invests in a new production machine, the tangible cost savings would be the difference between the cost of the old machine and the cost of the new machine, plus the additional benefits of the new machine, such as higher output, lower energy consumption, and improved quality. However, these benefits may not be easy to measure or predict, especially in the long term. Therefore, tangible costs savings can be difficult to estimate in some cases. References: Tangible Cost: Meaning and Difference From Intangible Costs - Investopedia, What Are Tangible Costs? (Plus Why They Matter and Examples) | Indeed.com, Intangible Cost vs. Tangible Cost - What’s the Difference? | This vs. That, Project tangible and intangible benefits - Twproject: project management software

Systems analysis is the second step in the Systems Design Life Cycle (SDLC), which is a process for planning, creating, testing, and deploying an information system. Systems analysis involves gathering and analyzing the requirements of the system, such as the user needs, the business objectives, and the functional specifications. Systems analysis also involves modeling the system using various techniques, such as data flow diagrams, entity-relationship diagrams, and use case diagrams. Systems analysis helps to define the scope and boundaries of the system, as well as the inputs, outputs, processes, and data structures. Systems analysis is essential for ensuring that the system design meets the expectations and needs of the stakeholders. References: 1, 2, 3, 4

https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/system-design-life-cycle-phases-models-and-use-cases/

https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/system-development-life-cycle/

 A relation is a type of association that describes how two or more entities are related to each other. A relation can have different properties, such as cardinality, optionality, and directionality, that specify the nature and constraints of the association. A relation can also have attributes that store information about the association. For example, a relation between Employee and Project entities can have an attribute called Role that indicates the role of each employee in each project. A relation can be represented by a line connecting the entities in an entity-relationship diagram (ERD). References: Association and Associative entity - IBM, When to use Associative entities? - Stack Overflow, [Entity-Relationship Model - Tutorialspoint].

Conversion is the process of changing the existing system to the new system. It involves transferring data, installing hardware and software, training users, and decommissioning the old system. Conversion is the ninth step in the Systems Design Life Cycle, according to the CITM study guide1 References: 1 CITM Study Guide, Chapter 4: System Development Life Cycle, page 4-14.