HPE6-A85 Practice Exam Questions with Answers Aruba Certified Campus Access Associate Exam Certification

When a client connects to an Aruba AP in tunnel mode and is assigned to a VLAN based on the client's MAC address, this indicates a Dynamic VLAN assignment. The VLAN is determined dynamically at the time of authentication based on the client's credentials or attributes, such as its MAC address.

When a wireless client’s countdown timer (also known as a backoff timer) reaches zero during contention-based access periods, and it receives a Transmit Opportunity (TXOP), it has the right to transmit its data frames on the medium. After sending the data frames, it expects an acknowledgment (ACK) from the Access Point (AP) to ensure the frames were received successfully.

The Aruba CX 6300 Series is an ideal access switch for medium to high-density client environments, offering a range of models that can accommodate various port densities and types. For a distribution rack supporting 200-380 clients, printers, and APs, the CX 6300 provides the necessary port density and performance capabilities, including high-speed uplinks, support for Class 4 PoE (PoE+), and stacking capabilities. This series is cost-effective and designed for enterprises requiring reliable connectivity and consistent performance. The other options, such as the CX 6400, CX 6200, and CX 6000, may either be over-specified and more expensive (CX 6400), not offer the necessary port density (CX 6200), or not exist in the product line (CX 6000).

AirMatch is a feature that provides centralized RF planning and optimization service for Aruba wireless networks. It uses cloud-based algorithms and machine learning to optimize the RF performance and user experience.References:https://www.arubanetworks.com/assets/ds/DS_AirMatch.pdf

In Aruba networks, the recommended Virtual Switching Framework (VSF) topologies include the daisy chain plus Multi-Active Detection (MAD) and the ring topology. The daisy chain topology with MAD provides a straightforward and effective way to connect multiple switches in a series while ensuring there is a mechanism in place (MAD) to detect and handle situations where more than one switch in the VSF might become active simultaneously. The ring topology offers redundancy by creating a looped connection pattern among the VSF members, enhancing network resilience and reliability.

When checking the status of LACP (Link Aggregation Control Protocol) with the command "show lacp interfaces," various flags indicate the state of the LACP negotiation. "ALFOE" indicates different states for each letter: A (Activity), L (Link), F (Aggregation), O (Synchronization), and E (Collecting). In this context, the O flag is particularly of interest. If the O flag is not set (meaning the synchronization is not achieved), it typically suggests that LACP is not configured or not functioning correctly on the peer side, hence the link is not operational as part of an LACP channel.

A static route is a route that is manually configured on a router or switch and does not change unless it is modified by an administrator. Static routes are used to specify how traffic should reach specific destinations that are not directly connected to the device or that are not reachable by dynamic routing protocols. In Aruba CX switches, static routes can be configured using the ip route command in global configuration mode. Based on the “show ip route” output on an Aruba CX 8400 switch, the route “10.1 20 0/24, vrf default via 10.1.12.2, [1/0]” is a static route because it has an administrative distance of 1 and a metric of 0, which are typical values for static routes. References: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Static_routing https://www.arubanetworks.com/techdocs/AOS-CX_10_04/NOSCG/Content/cx-noscg/ip-routing/static-routes.htm https://www.arubanetworks.com/techdocs/AOS-CX_10_04/NOSCG/Content/cx-noscg/ip-routing/show-ip-route.htm

OSPF Open Shortest Path First. OSPF is a link-state routing protocol that uses a hierarchical structure to create a routing topology for IP networks. OSPF routers exchange routing information with their neighbors using Hello packets, which are sent periodically on each interface. To establish an adjacency Adjacency is a relationship formed between selected neighboring routers for the purpose of exchanging routing information., OSPF routers must agree on several parameters, including Hello timers, which specify how often Hello packets are sent on an interface. If the Hello timers do not match between neighboring routers, they will not form an adjacency and will not exchange routes. References:https://www.arubanetworks.com/techdocs/ArubaOS_86_Web_Help/Content/arubaos-solutions/osfp/osfp.htm

QoS Quality of Service (QoS) is a set of techniques that manage network resources and provide different levels of service to different types of traffic based on their requirements. QoS can improve network performance, reduce latency, increase throughput, and prevent congestion. concept and its definition. Here is my answer:

QoS Concept:

Best Effort Service

Class of Service

Differentiated Services

WMM ====================== Definition:

d) A method where traffic is treated equally in a first-come, first-served manner a) A method for classifying network traffic at Layer 2 by marking 802.1Q VLAN Ethernet frames with one of eight service classes b) A method for classifying network traffic at Layer 3 by marking packets with one of 64 different service classes c) A method for classifying network traffic using access categories based on the IEEE 802.11e QoS standard

Short But Comprehensive Explanation of Correct Answer Only: The correct match between QoS concept and its definition is as follows:

Best Effort Service: This is a method where traffic is treated equally in a first-come, first-served manner without any prioritization or differentiation. This is the default service level for most networks and applications that do not have specific QoS requirements or guarantees. Best Effort Service does not provide any assurance of bandwidth, delay, jitter, or packet loss.

Class of Service: This is a method for classifying network traffic at Layer 2 by marking 802.1Q VLAN Ethernet frames with one of eight service classes (0 to 7). These service classes are also known as IEEE 802.1p priority values or PCP Priority Code Point (PCP) is a 3-bit field in the 802.1Q VLAN tag that indicates the priority level of an Ethernet frame . Class of Service allows network devices to identify and handle different types of traffic based on their priority levels. Class of Service is typically used in LAN Local Area Network (LAN) is a network that connects devices within a limited geographic area, such as a home, office, or building environments where Layer 2 switching is predominant.

Differentiated Services: This is a method for classifying network traffic at Layer 3 by marking packets with one of 64 different service classes (0 to 63). These service classes are also known as DiffServ Code Points (DSCP) DiffServ Code Point (DSCP) is a 6-bit field in the IP header that indicates the service class of a packet . Differentiated Services allows network devices to identify and handle different types of traffic based on their service classes. Differentiated Services is typically used in WAN Wide Area Network (WAN) is a network that connects devices across a large geographic area, such as a country or continent environments where Layer 3 routing is predominant.

WMM: This is a method for classifying network traffic using access categories based on the IEEE 802.11e QoS standard. WMM stands for Wi-Fi Multimedia and it is a certification program developed by the Wi-Fi Alliance to enhance QoS for wireless networks. WMM defines four access categories (AC): Voice, Video, Best Effort, and Background. These access categories correspond to different priority levels and contention parameters for wireless traffic. WMM allows wireless devices to identify and handle different types of traffic based on their access categories.

References: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quality_of_service https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/ios-xml/ios/qos_dfsrv/configuration/xe-16/qos-dfsrv-xe-16-book/qos-dfsrv-overview.html https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/support/docs/quality-of-service-qos/qos-packet-marking/10103-dscpvalues.html https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/support/docs/wireless-mobility/wireless-lan-wlan/81831-qos-wlan.html https://www.wi-fi.org/discover-wi-fi/wi-fi-certified-wmm

The command that is used to set a default route to 10.4.5.1 on an Aruba CX switch when in-band management using an SVI is being used is ip route 0.0 0 0/0 10.4.5.1 . This command specifies the destination network address (0.0 0 0) and prefix length (/0) and the next-hopaddress (10.4.5.1) for reaching any network that is not directly connected to the switch. The default route applies to the default VRF Virtual Routing and Forwarding. VRF is a technology that allows multiple instances of a routing table to co-exist within the same router at the same time. VRFs are typically used to segment network traffic for security, privacy, or administrative purposes. , which is used for in-band management traffic that goes through an SVI Switch Virtual Interface. SVI is a virtual interface on a switch that allows the switch to route packets between different VLANs on the same switch or different switches that are connected by a trunk link. An SVI is associated with a VLAN and has an IP address and subnet mask assigned to it12. References: 1 https://www.arubanetworks.com/techdocs/AOS-CX/10_08/HTML/ip_route_4100i-6000-6100-6200/Content/Chp_StatRoute/def-rou.htm  2 https://www.arubanetworks.com/techdocs/AOS-CX/10_08/HTML/ip_route_4100i-6000-6100-6200/Content/Chp_VRF/vrf-overview.htm

Wireless client roaming decisions are made by the client device based on its own criteria, such as signal strength, noise level, data rate, etc. The network can influence the client’s roaming decision by providing information such as neighbor reports, load balancing, band steering, etc., but the final decision is up to the client.References:https://www.arubanetworks.com/techdocs/Instant_86_WebHelp/Content/instant-ug/wlan-roaming/client-roaming.htm

Wireless client roaming decisions are primarily made by the client device itself. The client device monitors the signal strength and quality of the current connection and decides to roam to a different Access Point (AP) when the current signal deteriorates below a certain threshold or a better option is available. While APs and controllers can provide information and support for roaming decisions through protocols like 802.11k and 802.11v, the ultimate decision to roam is made by the client device based on its algorithms and thresholds.

 A slow amber-flashing Stack-LED indicates that stacking mode is selected on the switch. This means that the switch is ready to join a stack or form a new stack if no other switches are present.References:https://www.arubanetworks.com/techdocs/ArubaOS_86_Web_Help/Content/arubaos-solutions/1-overview/stacking-leds.htm

LACP is a protocol that allows multiple physical links to be aggregated into a single logical link for increased bandwidth and redundancy. LACP must be configured on both ends of the link for it to work properly. In this case, EDGE1 has LACP configured on its uplink port-channel 1, but CORE1 does not have LACP configured on its corresponding port-channel 1. This causes a mismatch and prevents the link from coming up.References:https://www.arubanetworks.com/techdocs/ArubaOS_86_Web_Help/Content/arubaos-solutions/1-overview/lacp.htm

In a Virtual Switching Extension (VSX) stack, the Virtual IP (VIP) provides a single default gateway IP address for clients connected to the access switch. This VIP is a floating IP that is active on the primary VSX switch. In the event of a failure of the primary switch, the VIP will failover to the secondary switch, ensuring that client traffic can continue to be routed without disruption.

Bonding multiple 20MHz wide 802.11 channels is a technique to create a wider bandwidth channel that supports higher data rate transmissions. It can increase the throughput between the client and AP by using more spectrum resources and reducing interference. References:https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9288995

Bonding multiple 20MHz wide 802.11 channels is a technique used to increase the throughput between the client device and the Access Point (AP). By combining two or more 20MHz channels into a wider channel (e.g., 40MHz, 80MHz, or even 160MHz), the data carrying capacity and, consequently, the overall throughput of the wireless connection are increased. This method is particularly useful in high-bandwidth applications or environments where higher data rates are required.

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To regain access to an Aruba CX switch when credentials are unknown or lost, one can press and hold the clear button, then power cycle the switch to reset the password. Additionally, using the boot profile 0 at the boot loader menu can be used to bypass the current startup configuration, which may include the unknown credentials.

In a 2.4GHz WLAN environment, channels 1, 6, and 11 are recommended for use simultaneously to avoid co-channel interference because these channels do not overlap with each other. Each of these channels is separated by enough frequency space to ensure that the signals do not interfere, which is not the case with other channel combinations.

EAP-TEAP is a tunnel-based authentication method that supports both device and user authentication within a single RADIUS session. ClearPass 6.9 supports EAP-TEAP as an authentication method for Windows 10 clients.References:https://www.arubanetworks.com/techdocs/ClearPass/6.9/Guest/Content/CPPM_UserGuide/EAP-TEAP/EAP-TEAP.htm

For the requirement to authorize both device and user credentials within one Radius session, the correct solution would be ClearPass 6.9 with EAP-TEAP (EAP-Tunneled Extensible Authentication Protocol). EAP-TEAP is a tunneling protocol that creates a secure communication channel between the client and the server, allowing for the transmission of multiple authentication transactions within a single session. This capability is particularly useful in scenarios where both user and device credentials need to be verified before granting access to network resources, providing an additional layer of security and ensuring that both the user and the device are authorized to access the network.

These commands might help troubleshoot this issue as they check various aspects of the connectivity between the edge switch and the core switch, such as Layer 3 reachability, Layer 2 adjacency, LACP configuration and status, VLAN trunking configuration, and interface status.References:https://www.arubanetworks.com/techdocs/AOS-CX_10_04/CLI/GUID-8F0E7E8B-0F4B-4A3C-AE7F-0F1B5A7F9C5D.html

When a network technician encounters an issue where a new SSID does not allow internet access despite successful connectivity and DNS resolution, they should verify the firewall policies associated with the new SSID. The firewall policies must include rules that permit traffic to and from the internet and should be correctly ordered to ensure that they are applied as intended. Since the existing SSID functions correctly, comparing the firewall rules between the two can be a useful method of troubleshooting.

Add certificates to Android devices with the Aruba Onboard Application in the Google Play store that will be used for wireless authentication A) ClearPass Policy Manager

Authenticate users on corporate-owned Chromebook devices using 802.1X and context gathered from the network devices that they log into B) Cloud Authentication and Policy

Leverage unbound Mum Pre-Shared Keys (MPSK) managed by Aruoa Central to the end-users and client devices B) Cloud Authentication and Policy

Validate devices exist in a Mobile Device Management (MDM) database before authenticating BYOD users with corporate Active Directory using certificates A) ClearPass Policy Manager

https://www.arubanetworks.com/techdocs/ClearPass/6.11/PolicyManager/Content/CPPM_UserGuide/About%20ClearPass/About_ClearPass.htm

https://www.arubanetworks.com/products/security/network-access-control/

The correct way to configure the routable interface for the subnet to be associated with this VLAN is to create an SVI Switched Virtual Interface (SVI) Switched Virtual Interface (SVI) is a virtual interface on a switch that represents a VLAN and provides Layer 3 routing functions for that VLAN . SVIs are used to enable inter-VLAN routing , provide gateway addresses for hosts in VLANs , apply ACLs or QoS policies to VLANs , etc . SVIs have some advantages over physical routed interfaces such as saving interface ports , reducing cable costs , simplifying network design , etc . SVIs are usually numbered according to their VLAN IDs (e.g., vlan 10) and assigned IP addresses within the subnet of their VLANs . SVIs can be created and configured by using commandssuch as interface vlan , ip address , no shutdown , etc . SVIs can be verified by using commands such as show ip interface brief , show vlan , show ip route , etc . in the subnet on the 6300M stack. An SVI is a virtual interface on a switch that represents a VLAN and provides Layer 3 routing functions for that VLAN. Creating an SVI in the subnet on the 6300M stack allows the switch to act as a gateway for the users in that VLAN and enable inter-VLAN routing between different subnets. Creating an SVI in the subnet on the 6300M stack also simplifies network design and management by reducing the number of physical interfaces and cables required for routing.

The other options are not correct ways to configure the routable interface for the subnet to be associated with this VLAN because:

Create a physically routed interface in the subnet on the 6300M stack for each downstream switch: This option is incorrect because creating a physically routed interface in the subnet on the 6300M stack for each downstream switch would require using one physical port and cable per downstream switch, which would consume interface resources and increase cable costs. Creating a physically routed interface in the subnet on the 6300M stack for each downstream switch would also complicate network design and management by requiring separate routing configurations and policies for each interface.

Create an SVl in the subnet on each downstream switch: This option is incorrect because creating an SVI in the subnet on each downstream switch would not enable inter-VLAN routing between different subnets, as each downstream switch would act as a gateway for its own VLAN only. Creating an SVI in the subnet on each downstream switch would also create duplicate IP addresses in the same subnet, which would cause IP conflicts and routing errors.

Create an SVl in the subnet on the 6300M stack, and assign the management address of each downstream switch stack to a different IP address in the same subnet: This option is incorrect because creating an SVI in the subnet on the 6300M stack, and assigning the management address of each downstream switch stack to a different IP address in the same subnet would not enable inter-VLAN routing between different subnets, as each downstream switch would still act as a gateway for its own VLAN only. Creating an SVI in the subnet on the 6300M stack, and assigning the management address of each downstream switch stack to a different IP address in the same subnet would also create unnecessary IP addresses in the same subnet, which would waste IP space and complicate network management.

References: https://www.arubanetworks.com/techdocs/AOS-CX/10.05/HTML/5200-7295/index.html https://www.arubanetworks.com/techdocs/AOS-CX/10.05/HTML/5200-7295/cx-noscg/l3-routing/l3-routing-overview.htm https://www.arubanetworks.com/techdocs/AOS-CX/10.05/HTML/5200-7295/cx-noscg/l3-routing/l3-routing-config.htm

The ideal mounting position for a typical Aruba indoor AP is horizontally, below a suspended ceiling. This positioning takes advantage of the AP's antenna radiation pattern and helps provide optimal wireless coverage and performance within the indoor environment.

The field in a Layer 3 IPv4 packet header that is used to mitigate Layer 3 route loops is Time To Live (TTL). TTL is an 8-bit field that indicates the maximum number of hops that a packet can traverse before being discarded. TTL is set by the source device and decremented by one by each router that forwards the packet. If TTL reaches zero, the packet is dropped and an ICMP Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) is a network protocol that provides error reporting and diagnostic functions for IP networks. ICMP is used to send messages such as echo requests and replies (ping), destination unreachable, time exceeded, parameter problem, source quench, redirect, etc. ICMP messages are encapsulated in IP datagrams and have a specific format that contains fields such as type, code, checksum, identifier, sequence number, data, etc. ICMP messages can be verified by using commands such as ping , traceroute , debug ip icmp , etc . message is sent back to the source device. TTL is used to mitigate Layer 3 route loops because it prevents packets from circulating indefinitely in a looped network topology. TTL also helps to conserve network resources and avoid congestion caused by looped packets.

The other options are not fields in a Layer 3 IPv4 packet header because:

Checksum: Checksum is a 16-bit field that is used to verify the integrity of the IP header. Checksum is calculated by the source device and verified by the destination device based on the values of all fields in the IP header. Checksum does not mitigate Layer 3 route loops because it does not limit the number of hops that a packet can traverse.

Protocol: Protocol is an 8-bit field that indicates the type of payload carried by the IP datagram. Protocol identifies the upper-layer protocol that uses IP for datatransmission, such as TCP Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is a connection-oriented transport layer protocol that provides reliable, ordered, and error-checked delivery of data between applications on different devices . TCP uses a three-way handshake to establish a connection between two endpoints , and uses sequence numbers , acknowledgments , and windowing to ensure data delivery and flow control . TCP also uses mechanisms such as retransmission , congestion avoidance , and fast recovery to handle packet loss and congestion . TCP segments data into smaller units called segments , which are encapsulated in IP datagrams and have a specific format that contains fields such as source port , destination port , sequence number , acknowledgment number , header length , flags , window size , checksum , urgent pointer , options , data , etc . TCP segments can be verified by using commands such as telnet , ftp , ssh , debug ip tcp transactions , etc . , UDP User Datagram Protocol (UDP) User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is a connectionless transport layer protocol that provides

TCP 3-Way Handshake sequence is:

Step 1: The initiating host sends a packet with no data to the target host with a SEQ=1 and sets the SYN flag to 1.

Step 2: The target host responds with a packet with ACK=2, SEQ=8, and the SYN and ACK flags set to 1.

Step 3: The initiating host sends a packet with SEQ=2, ACK=9, and the ACK flag set to 1.

Step 4: A normal-controlled connection is established.

References: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/support/docs/ip/routing-information-protocol-rip/13788-3.html