TheCCST Cybersecurity Study GuidehighlightsFileVaultas the macOS full-disk encryption tool.

"FileVault is macOS’s built-in full-disk encryption feature. It encrypts the contents of the entire startup disk to help prevent unauthorized access to the information stored on the drive, even if the device is lost or stolen."

(CCST Cybersecurity,Endpoint Security Concepts, Disk Encryption section, Cisco Networking Academy)

Ais correct: FileVault provides complete volume encryption.

B(Gatekeeper) controls app installation by verifying code signatures.

C(System Integrity Protection) protects system files from modification.

D(XProtect) is macOS’s built-in malware detection system.

TheCCST Cybersecuritycourse describes ransomware as a form of malicious software that encrypts or locks access to an organization’s data, demanding payment for its release.

"Ransomware is a type of malware that denies access to data by encrypting it and demands payment from the victim to restore access. Threat actors may deliver ransomware through phishing emails, malicious downloads, or exploiting vulnerabilities in exposed systems."

(CCST Cybersecurity,Essential Security Principles, Malware Types and Threats section, Cisco Networking Academy)

Adescribes spyware or information-stealing malware.

Bis website defacement, which is vandalism, not ransomware.

Cis correct: locking/encrypting data and demanding payment is the defining behavior of ransomware.

Dis more aligned with insider threat or espionage activities.

TheCCST Cybersecuritycourse identifiesWindows PowerShellas both a command-line interface (CLI) and a robust scripting environment. It is used by system administrators for automation, configuration, and task scheduling.

"PowerShell is a Windows command-line shell and scripting language built on the .NET framework. It allows administrators to automate administrative tasks, manage system configurations, and execute complex scripts for system management."

(CCST Cybersecurity,Endpoint Security Concepts, System Administration Tools section, Cisco Networking Academy)

Ais correct: PowerShell provides both interactive command execution and scripting capabilities.

B(MMC) is a GUI-based management console, not a CLI.

C(Vim) is a text editor, not a Windows-native CLI.

D(MS-DOS) is a legacy command shell with no advanced scripting features comparable to PowerShell.