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Which authority leads the CMMC direction, standards, best practices, and knowledge framework for how to map the controls and processes across different Levels that range from basic cyber hygiene to advanced cyber practices?
NIST
DoD CIO office
Federal CIO office
Defense Federal Acquisition Regulation Council
Understanding the Role of the DoD CIO Office in CMMCTheDepartment of Defense (DoD) Chief Information Officer (CIO) officeis theprimary authorityresponsible for leading the direction, standards, and best practices of theCybersecurity Maturity Model Certification (CMMC)framework.
The DoD CIO Oversees CMMC Policy and Implementation
TheDoD CIO Office is responsible for the governance and strategic direction of CMMC.
It ensures thatCMMC aligns with DoD cybersecurity policies, such asDoD Instruction 5200.48 (Controlled Unclassified Information)andNIST SP 800-171.
CMMC Development and Evolution
TheDoD CIO played a critical role in launching CMMCto improve cybersecurity across theDefense Industrial Base (DIB).
The CIO office leadspolicy development and updates to the CMMC framework, including the transition fromCMMC 1.0 to CMMC 2.0.
Alignment of CMMC with Federal Cybersecurity Strategy
The DoD CIO ensures that CMMCintegrates with federal cybersecurity policiesandNIST frameworks.
It provides oversight formapping CMMC Levels (1-2-3) to existing cybersecurity standards and controls.
A. NIST (Incorrect)
TheNational Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)provides thetechnical framework (NIST SP 800-171, SP 800-172), butNIST does not lead the CMMC program.
C. Federal CIO Office (Incorrect)
TheFederal CIO focuses on broader government IT policiesandnot specifically on DoD cybersecurity requirementslike CMMC.
D. Defense Federal Acquisition Regulation Council (Incorrect)
TheDFARS Counciloverseescontracting regulationsrelated to CMMC (e.g.,DFARS 252.204-7012, 7019, 7020, 7021), but it doesnot lead CMMC standards and best practices.
The correct answer isB. DoD CIO Office, as it isthe lead authority guiding the CMMC framework, standards, and implementation across the Defense Industrial Base (DIB).
According to the Configuration Management (CM) domain, which principle is the basis for defining essential system capabilities?
Least privilege
Essential concern
Least functionality
Separation of duties
Understanding the Principle of Least Functionality in the CM DomainTheConfiguration Management (CM) domainin CMMC 2.0 focuses on maintaining the security and integrity of an organization’s systems through controlled configurations and restrictions on system capabilities.
The principle ofLeast Functionalityrefers to limiting a system’s features, services, and applications to only those necessary for its intended purpose. This principle reduces the attack surface by minimizing unnecessary components that could be exploited by attackers.
CMMC Practice CM.L2-3.4.6 (Use Least Functionality)explicitly states:"Employ the principle of least functionality by configuring organizational systems to provide only essential capabilities."
Thegoalis to prevent unauthorized or unnecessary applications, services, and ports from running on the system.
Examples of Implementation:
Disabling unnecessary services, such as remote desktop access if not required.
Restricting software installation to approved applications.
Blocking unused network ports and protocols.
A. Least Privilege
This principle (associated with Access Control) ensures that users and processes have only the minimum level of access necessary to perform their jobs.
It is relevant to CMMC PracticeAC.L2-3.1.5 (Least Privilege)but does not define system capabilities.
B. Essential Concern
There is no officially recognized cybersecurity principle called "Essential Concern" in CMMC, NIST, or related frameworks.
D. Separation of Duties
This principle (covered under CMMCAC.L2-3.1.4) ensures that no single individual has unchecked control over critical functions, reducing the risk of fraud or abuse.
While important for security, it does not define essential system capabilities.
CMMC 2.0 Level 2 Assessment Guide – Configuration Management (CM) Domain
CM.L2-3.4.6 mandatesleast functionalityto enhance security by removing unnecessary features.
NIST SP 800-171 (which CMMC is based on) – Requirement 3.4.6
States:"Limit system functionality to only the essential capabilities required for organizational missions or business functions."
NIST SP 800-53 – Control CM-7 (Least Functionality)
Provides detailed recommendations on configuring systems to operate with only necessary features.
Justification for the Correct Answer: Least Functionality (C)Why Other Options Are IncorrectOfficial CMMC and NIST ReferencesConclusionTheprinciple of Least Functionality (C)is the basis for defining essential system capabilities in theConfiguration Management (CM) domainof CMMC 2.0. By applying this principle, organizations reduce security risks by ensuring that only the necessary functions, services, and applications are enabled.
Per DoDI 5200.48: Controlled Unclassified Information (CUI), CUI is marked by whom?
DOD OUSD
Authorized holder
Information Disclosure Official
Presidentially authorized Original Classification Authority
DoDI 5200.48 specifies that Authorized Holders of CUI are responsible for applying appropriate CUI markings. An authorized holder is an individual who has lawful government purpose access to the information. This ensures that responsibility for correctly marking information rests with those who create or handle the material, not only with original classification authorities (which apply to classified information, not CUI).
Reference Documents:
DoDI 5200.48, Controlled Unclassified Information (CUI)
Which are guiding principles in the CMMC Code of Professional Conduct?
Objectivity, information integrity, and higher accountability
Objectivity, information integrity, and proper use of methods
Proper use of methods, higher accountability, and objectivity
Proper use of methods, higher accountability, and information integrity
The CMMC Code of Professional Conduct applies to all CMMC assessors, practitioners, and ecosystem participants. Its guiding principles are: Objectivity, Information Integrity, and Higher Accountability.
Supporting Extracts from Official Content:
CMMC Code of Professional Conduct: “Guiding principles… include Objectivity, Information Integrity, and Higher Accountability.”
Why Option A is Correct:
These three principles are the official guiding values documented in the Code of Professional Conduct.
Options B, C, and D insert terms (“proper use of methods”) that are not part of the official guiding principles.
References (Official CMMC v2.0 Content):
CMMC Code of Professional Conduct.
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During the review of information that was published to a publicly accessible site, an OSC correctly identifies that part of the information posted should have been restricted. Which item did the OSC MOST LIKELY identify?
FCI
Change of leadership in the organization
Launching of their new business service line
Public releases identifying major deals signed with commercial entities
Understanding Federal Contract Information (FCI) and Publicly Accessible InformationFederal Contract Information (FCI)isnon-public informationprovided by or generated for the U.S. governmentunder a contractthat isnot intended for public release.
Key Characteristics of FCI:?FCI includesdetails related togovernment contracts, project specifics, and performance data.
?It must be protected under FAR 52.204-21, which requiresbasic safeguarding measuresto prevent unauthorized access.
?Posting FCI on a public site is a security violationsince it ismeant to be restrictedfrom public disclosure.
A. FCI ? Correct
FCI must be protected from unauthorized access, and if it wasincorrectly published online, it should have been restricted.
B. Change of leadership in the organization ? Incorrect
Leadership changes are typically public informationand do not require restriction unless they involve sensitive government-related security clearances.
C. Launching of their new business service line ? Incorrect
Marketing and business announcementsare generallypublicly availableandnot restricted information.
D. Public releases identifying major deals signed with commercial entities ? Incorrect
Commercial contracts and business deals are not considered FCIunless they involvegovernment contracts.
Why is the Correct Answer "A. FCI (Federal Contract Information)"?
FAR 52.204-21 (Basic Safeguarding of Covered Contractor Information Systems)
DefinesFCI as sensitive but unclassified informationthat must beprotected from public disclosure.
CMMC 2.0 Level 1 Requirements
Requires contractors toprotect FCI under basic cybersecurity standardsto prevent unauthorized exposure.
DoD Guidance on FCI Protection
States thatpublishing FCI on public websites violates federal cybersecurity requirements.
CMMC 2.0 References Supporting This Answer:
The IT manager is scoping the company's CMMC Level 1 Self-Assessment. The manager considers which servers, laptops. databases, and applications are used to store, process, or transmit FCI. Which asset type is being considered by the IT manager?
ESP
People
Facilities
Technology
Understanding Asset Types in CMMC 2.0In CMMC 2.0, assets are categorized based on their role in handlingFederal Contract Information (FCI)orControlled Unclassified Information (CUI). TheCybersecurity Maturity Model Certification (CMMC) Scoping GuidanceforLevel 1andLevel 2provides asset definitions to help organizations identify what needs protection.
According toCMMC Scoping Guidance, there are five primary asset types:
Security Protection Assets (ESP - External Service Providers & Security Systems)
People (Personnel who interact with FCI/CUI)
Facilities (Physical locations housing FCI/CUI)
Technology (Hardware, software, and networks that store, process, or transmit FCI/CUI)
CUI Assets (For Level 2 assessments, assets specifically storing CUI)
Why "Technology" Is the Correct AnswerThe IT manager is evaluatingservers, laptops, databases, and applications—all of which aretechnology assetsused to store, process, or transmit FCI.
According toCMMC Scoping Guidance,Technology assetsinclude:
?Endpoints(Laptops, Workstations, Mobile Devices)
?Servers(On-premise or cloud-based)
?Networking Devices(Routers, Firewalls, Switches)
?Applications(Software, Cloud-based tools)
?Databases(Storage of FCI or CUI)
Since the IT manager is focusing on these components, the correct asset category isTechnology (Option D).
A. ESP (Security Protection Assets)?Incorrect. ESPs refer tosecurity-related assets(e.g., firewalls, monitoring tools, managed security services) thathelp protectFCI/CUI but do notstore, process, or transmitit directly.
B. People?Incorrect. While employees play a role in handling FCI, the question focuses onhardware and software—which falls underTechnology, not People.
C. Facilities?Incorrect. Facilities refer tophysical buildingsor secured areas where FCI/CUI is stored or processed. The question explicitly mentionsservers, laptops, and applications, which arenot physical facilities.
Why the Other Answers Are Incorrect
CMMC Level 1 Scoping Guide (CMMC-AB)– Defines asset categories, including Technology.
CMMC 2.0 Scoping Guidance for Assessors– Provides clarification on FCI assets.
CMMC Official ReferencesThus,option D (Technology) is the most correct choiceas per official CMMC 2.0 guidance.
Which example represents a Specialized Asset?
SOCs
Hosted VPN services
Consultants who provide cybersecurity services
All property owned or leased by the government
Understanding Specialized Assets in CMMCASpecialized Assetis defined asa system, device, or infrastructure component that is not a traditional IT system but still plays a role in cybersecurity or business operations.
Types of Specialized Assets (as per CMMC guidance):?Operational Technology (OT)– Industrial control systems, SCADA systems.
?Security Operations Centers (SOCs)– Dedicated cybersecurity monitoring and response centers.
?IoT Devices– Smart sensors, embedded systems.
?Restricted IT Systems– Systems with highly controlled access.
A. SOCs ? Correct
Security Operations Centers (SOCs) are specialized cybersecurity environmentsused forthreat monitoring, detection, and response.
They oftenoperate outside standard IT infrastructureand are classified asspecialized assetsunder CMMC.
B. Hosted VPN services ? Incorrect
VPN services are standard IT infrastructureanddo not qualify as specialized assets.
C. Consultants who provide cybersecurity services ? Incorrect
Consultants are personnel, not specialized assets. Specialized assets refer tosystems, devices, or infrastructure.
D. All property owned or leased by the government ? Incorrect
Government property is not automatically considered a specialized assetunder CMMC. Specialized assets refer tospecific IT or cybersecurity-related infrastructure.
Why is the Correct Answer "SOCs" (A)?
CMMC 2.0 Assessment Process (CAP) Document
DefinesSpecialized Assetsand includesSOCsin its examples.
CMMC-AB Guidelines
Listssecurity infrastructure like SOCsasSpecialized Assetsdue to their unique cybersecurity function.
NIST SP 800-171 & CMMC 2.0 Security Domains
Recognizesdedicated security monitoring environmentsas part of an organization's cybersecurity posture.
CMMC 2.0 References Supporting This Answer:
Final Answer:?A. SOCs (Security Operations Centers)
Which entity specifies the required CMMC Level in Requests for Information and Requests for Proposals?
DoD
NARA
NIST
Department of Homeland Security
TheU.S. Department of Defense (DoD)determines the requiredCMMC Levelbased on thesensitivity of the information involved in a contract.
The required CMMC Level isspecified in Requests for Information (RFIs) and Requests for Proposals (RFPs).
Who makes the final determination of the assessment method used for each practice?
CCP
osc
Site Manager
Lead Assessor
Who Determines the Assessment Method for Each Practice?In aCMMC Level 2 Assessment, theLead Assessorhas thefinal authorityin determining theassessment methodused to evaluate each practice.
Key Responsibilities of the Lead Assessor?Ensures theCMMC Assessment Process (CAP) Guideis followed.
?Determines whether a practice is evaluated usinginterviews, demonstrations, or document reviews.
?Directs theCertified CMMC Professionals (CCPs)and other assessors on themethodologyfor gathering evidence.
?Works under aCertified Third-Party Assessment Organization (C3PAO)to ensure proper assessment execution.
CCP (Option A) assists in the assessment but does not make final decisionson methods.
OSC (Option B) is the Organization Seeking Certification, and they do not control assessment methodology.
Site Manager (Option C) may coordinate logistics but has no authority over assessment decisions.
Why "Lead Assessor" is Correct?Breakdown of Answer ChoicesOption
Description
Correct?
A. CCP
?Incorrect–A CCPassistsbut doesnot determine assessment methods.
B. OSC
?Incorrect–The OSC is beingassessedand does not decide assessment methods.
C. Site Manager
?Incorrect–The Site Manager handles logistics butdoes not control assessment methods.
D. Lead Assessor
?Correct – The Lead Assessor has the final say on the assessment method used.
CMMC Assessment Process Guide (CAP)– Defines theLead Assessor’s rolein determining assessment methods.
Official References from CMMC 2.0 DocumentationFinal Verification and ConclusionThe correct answer isD. Lead Assessor, as they havefinal decision-making authority over the assessment methodology.
Which organization is the governmental authority responsible for identifying and marking CUI?
NARA
NIST
CMMC-AB
Department of Homeland Security
Step 1: Define CUI (Controlled Unclassified Information)CUI is information thatrequires safeguarding or dissemination controlspursuant to and consistent with applicable law, regulations, and government-wide policies, butis not classifiedunder Executive Order 13526 or the Atomic Energy Act.
?Step 2: Authority over CUI — NARA’s RoleNARA – National Archives and Records Administration, specifically theInformation Security Oversight Office (ISOO), is thegovernment-wide executive agentresponsible for implementing the CUI program.
Source:
32 CFR Part 2002 – Controlled Unclassified Information (CUI)
Executive Order 13556 – Controlled Unclassified Information
CUI Registry – https://www.archives.gov/cui
NARA:
Maintains theCUI Registry,
Issuesmarking and handling guidance,
DefinesCUI categoriesand their authority under law or regulation,
Trains and informs Federal agencies and contractors on CUI policy.
B. NIST? NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology) developstechnical standards(e.g., SP 800-171), but it doesnot define or mark CUI. It helps secure CUI once it’s identified.
C. CMMC-AB (now Cyber AB)? The Cyber AB is theCMMC ecosystem’s accreditation body, not a government agency, and hasno authority over CUI classification or marking.
D. Department of Homeland Security (DHS)? While DHS mayhandle and protect CUI internally, it is not the executive agent for the CUI program.
?Why the Other Options Are Incorrect
NARAis theofficial U.S. government authorityresponsible for defining, categorizing, and marking CUI via theCUI Registryand associated policies underExecutive Order 13556.
Who is responsible for identifying and verifying Assessment Team Member qualifications?
C3PAO
CMMC-AB
Lead Assessor
CMMC Marketplace
Understanding the Role of the Lead Assessor in CMMC AssessmentsTheLead Assessoris responsible for managing theAssessment Teamand ensuring that all team members meet the required qualifications as defined by theCMMC Accreditation Body (CMMC-AB)and theCybersecurity Maturity Model Certification (CMMC) Assessment Process (CAP) Guide.
Lead Assessor’s Key Responsibilities (Per CAP Guide)
Verify team member qualificationsto ensure compliance with CMMC-AB guidelines.
Assignappropriate assessment tasksbased on team members’ expertise.
Ensure that theassessment is conducted in accordance with CMMC procedures.
Why Not the Other Options?
A. C3PAO (Certified Third-Party Assessor Organization)?Incorrect
AC3PAOis responsible fororganizing assessmentsand ensuring their execution, but itdoes not verify individual team member qualifications—that responsibility belongs to theLead Assessor.
B. CMMC-AB (CMMC Accreditation Body)?Incorrect
TheCMMC-ABestablishestraining and certification requirements, but itdoes not verify individual assessment team members—that responsibility is given to theLead Assessor.
D. CMMC Marketplace?Incorrect
TheCMMC Marketplacelists authorizedC3PAOs, Registered Practitioners (RPs), and Certified Professionals (CCPs)butdoes not verify assessment team qualifications.
CMMC Assessment Process (CAP) Guide– Defines theLead Assessor’s responsibilityfor verifying assessment team qualifications.
CMMC-AB Certification Guide– Specifies that the Lead Assessor must ensure all assessment team members meet CMMC-AB qualification standards.
Why the Correct Answer is "C. Lead Assessor"?Relevant CMMC 2.0 References:Final Justification:Since theLead Assessor is responsible for verifying assessment team member qualifications, the correct answer isC. Lead Assessor.
Where can a listing of all federal agencies' CUI indices and categories be found?
32 CFR Section 2002
Official CUI Registry
Executive Order 13556
Official CMMC Registry
Understanding the Official CUI RegistryTheControlled Unclassified Information (CUI) Registryis theauthoritative sourcefor all federal agencies'CUI categories and indices. It is maintained by theNational Archives and Records Administration (NARA)and provides:
?Acomprehensive listof CUI categories and subcategories.
?Details onwho can handle, store, and share CUI.
?Guidance onCUI marking and safeguarding requirements.
TheOfficial CUI Registryis theonly federal resourcethat listsall CUI categories and agencies that use them.
32 CFR Section 2002(Option A) definesCUI policiesbut doesnotprovide a full listing of CUI categories.
Executive Order 13556(Option C) established theCUI Programbut doesnotmaintain an active list of categories.
The "Official CMMC Registry" (Option D) does not exist—CMMC is a security framework, not a CUI classification system.
Why "Official CUI Registry" is Correct?Breakdown of Answer ChoicesOption
Description
Correct?
A. 32 CFR Section 2002
?Incorrect–Defines CUI program rules butdoes not listcategories.
B. Official CUI Registry
?Correct – The registry contains the full list of CUI categories.
C. Executive Order 13556
?Incorrect–Established the CUI program butdoes not maintain a category list.
D. Official CMMC Registry
?Incorrect–No such registry exists; CMMC is a cybersecurity framework, not a CUI classification system.
National Archives (NARA) CUI Registry– The authoritative source forall federal agency CUI categories.
32 CFR 2002– Provides CUIpolicy guidancebut refers agencies to theOfficial CUI Registryfor classification.
Official References from CMMC 2.0 and Federal DocumentationFinal Verification and ConclusionThe correct answer isB. Official CUI Registry, as it is theonly official source listing all federal agencies' CUI indices and categories.
Which term describes the process of granting or denying specific requests to obtain and use information, related information processing services, and enter specific physical facilities?
Access control
Physical access control
Mandatory access control
Discretionary access control
Understanding Access Control in CMMCAccess control refers to the process ofgranting or denyingspecific requests to:
Obtain and use information
Access information processing services
Enter specific physical locations
TheAccess Control (AC) domain in CMMCis based onNIST SP 800-171 (3.1 Access Control family)and includes requirements to:
?Implement policies for granting and revoking access.
?Restrict access to authorized personnel only.
?Protect physical and digital assets from unauthorized access.
Since the questionbroadly asks about the process of granting or denying access to information, services, and physical locations, the correct answer isA. Access Control.
B. Physical access control?Incorrect.Physical access controlis asubsetof access control that only applies tophysical locations(e.g., keycards, security guards, biometrics). The question includesinformation and services, makinggeneral access controlthe correct choice.
C. Mandatory access control (MAC)?Incorrect.MAC is a specific type of access controlwhere access is strictly enforced based onsecurity classifications(e.g., Top Secret, Secret, Confidential). The questiondoes not specify MAC, so this is incorrect.
D. Discretionary access control (DAC)?Incorrect.DAC is another specific type of access control, whereownersof data decide who can access it. The question asksgenerallyabout granting/denying access, makingaccess control (A)the best answer.
Why the Other Answers Are Incorrect
CMMC 2.0 Model - AC.L2-3.1.1 to AC.L2-3.1.22– Covers access control requirements, includingcontrolling access to information, services, and physical spaces.
NIST SP 800-171 (3.1 - Access Control Family)– Defines the general principles of access control.
CMMC Official ReferencesThus,option A (Access Control) is the correct answer, as it best aligns withCMMC access control requirements.
A C3PAO is conducting High Level Scoping for an OSC that requested an assessment Which term describes the people, processes, and technology that will be applied to the contract who are requesting a CMMC Level assessment?
Host Unit
Branch Office
Coordinating Unit
Supporting Organization/Units
Understanding High-Level Scoping in a CMMC AssessmentDuringHigh-Level Scoping, aCertified Third-Party Assessment Organization (C3PAO)determines thepeople, processes, and technologythat are within scope for theCMMC Level 1 or Level 2 assessment.
Supporting Organization/Unitsrefer to thespecific groups, departments, or teamsthat handleControlled Unclassified Information (CUI)orFederal Contract Information (FCI)and are responsible for applyingCMMC security practices.
These units aredirectly involved in the contract's executionand are included in the CMMC assessment scope.
Key Term: Supporting Organization/Units
A. Host Unit ? Incorrect
This term is not used inCMMC assessment scoping.
B. Branch Office ? Incorrect
Abranch officemay or may not be in scope; scoping is based onwhether the unit handles CUI or FCI, not its physical location.
C. Coordinating Unit ? Incorrect
No official CMMC term refers to a "Coordinating Unit."
D. Supporting Organization/Units ? Correct
This termcorrectly describes the entities that apply security controls for the contract and are within the CMMC assessment scope.
Why is the Correct Answer "D. Supporting Organization/Units"?
CMMC Scoping Guidance for Level 1 & Level 2 Assessments
DefinesSupporting Organization/Unitsasin-scope entities responsible for implementing cybersecurity controls.
CMMC Assessment Process (CAP) Document
Specifies that theC3PAO must identify and document the units responsible for security compliance.
DoD CMMC 2.0 Guidance on Scoping
Requires theassessment team to define the people, processes, and technology that fall within the scopeof the assessment.
CMMC 2.0 References Supporting This Answer:
The Lead Assessor interviews a network security specialist of an OSC. The incident monitoring report for the month shows that no security incidents were reported from OSC's external SOC service provider. This is provided as evidence for RA.L2-3.11.2: Scan for vulnerabilities in organizational systems and applications periodically and when new vulnerabilities affecting those systems and applications are identified. Based on this information, the Lead Assessor should conclude that the evidence is:
inadequate because it is irrelevant to the practice.
adequate because it fits well for expected artifacts.
adequate because no security incidents were reported.
inadequate because the OSC's service provider should be interviewed.
Understanding RA.L2-3.11.2: Vulnerability ScanningTheRA.L2-3.11.2practice requires organizations to:
?Regularly scan for vulnerabilitiesin systems and applications.
?Perform scans when new vulnerabilities are identified.
?Use vulnerability scanning tools or servicesto proactively detect security weaknesses.
Anincident monitoring reporttrackssecurity incidents, notvulnerability scanning activities.
Vulnerability scanning reportsshould include:?A list of vulnerabilities detected.?Remediation actions taken.?Scan frequency and schedule.
Theabsence of reported security incidentsdoesnotconfirm that vulnerability scans were performed.
Why Is an Incident Monitoring Report Irrelevant?
A. Inadequate because it is irrelevant to the practice ? Correct
Alack of reported security incidents does not confirm that vulnerability scanning was performed.
B. Adequate because it fits well for expected artifacts ? Incorrect
Incident monitoring reportsare not expected artifactsfor this control.Vulnerability scan reportsare required instead.
C. Adequate because no security incidents were reported ? Incorrect
The absence of incidents does not mean the OSC is performing vulnerability scanning. This isnot valid evidence.
D. Inadequate because the OSC's service provider should be interviewed ? Incorrect
While interviewing the provider may be useful, themain issue is that the provided evidence is irrelevant. Thecorrect evidence (vulnerability scan reports) is missing.
Why is the Correct Answer "A. Inadequate because it is irrelevant to the practice"?
NIST SP 800-171 (Requirement 3.11.2 – Vulnerability Scanning)
Defines the requirement toscan for vulnerabilities periodically and when new threats emerge.
CMMC Assessment Guide for Level 2
Specifies that evidence for RA.L2-3.11.2 should includevulnerability scan reports, not incident monitoring reports.
CMMC 2.0 Model Overview
Confirms that organizationsmust proactively identify vulnerabilities through scanning, not just rely on incident detection.
CMMC 2.0 References Supporting This Answer:
An Assessment Team Member is conducting a CMMC Level 2 Assessment for an OSC that is in the process of inspecting Assessment Objects for AC.L1-3.1.1: Limit information system access to authorized users, processes acting on behalf of authorized users, or devices (including other information systems) to determine the adequacy of evidence provided by the OSC. Which Assessment Method does this activity fall under?
Test
Observe
Examine
Interview
Understanding Assessment Methods in CMMC 2.0According to theCMMC Assessment Process (CAP) Guide, assessors usethree primary assessment methodsto determine compliance with security practices:
Examine– Reviewing documents, policies, configurations, and system records.
Interview– Speaking with personnel to gather insights into security processes.
Test– Performing technical validation of system functions and security controls.
TheAssessment Team Memberis inspectingAssessment Objects(e.g., system configurations, user access control settings, policies) to determine if the OSC's evidence is sufficient forAC.L1-3.1.1 (Access Control – Authorized Users).
This activity aligns directly with theExaminemethod, which involves reviewing artifacts such as:
Access control lists (ACLs)
System user authentication logs
Account management policies
Role-based access control settings
"Observe" (Option B)is incorrect because "observing" is not an official assessment method in CMMC.
"Test" (Option A)is incorrect because the assessment is not actively executing a function but ratherreviewingevidence.
"Interview" (Option D)is incorrect because no personnel are being questioned—only documentation is being reviewed.
CMMC Assessment Process (CAP) Guide, Section 3.5 – Assessment Methods
CMMC Level 2 Assessment Guide – Access Control Practices (AC.L1-3.1.1)
Why Option C (Examine) is CorrectOfficial CMMC Documentation ReferencesFinal VerificationSince the activity involves reviewing documents and records to verify access control measures, it falls under theExaminemethod, makingOption C the correct answer.
A CCP is on their first assessment for CMMC Level 2 with an Assessment Team and is reviewing the CMMC Assessment Process to understand their responsibilities. Which method gathers information from the subject matter experts to facilitate understanding and achieve clarification?
Test
Examine
Interview
Assessment
Understanding CMMC Assessment MethodsTheCMMC Assessment Process (CAP)definesthree primary assessment methodsused to verify compliance with cybersecurity practices:
Examine– Reviewing documents, policies, configurations, and logs.
Interview– Engaging with subject matter experts (SMEs) to clarify processes and verify implementation.
Test– Observing technical implementations, such as system configurations and security measures.
Since the question asks for a method thatgathers information from SMEs to facilitate understanding and achieve clarification, the correct method isInterview.
Why "Interview" is Correct??Interviewsare specifically designed togather information from SMEsto confirm understanding and clarify security processes.
?TheCMMC Assessment Guiderequires assessors tointerview key personnelresponsible for cybersecurity practices.
?Examine (Option B)andTest (Option A)are also valid assessment methods, but they donot focus on gathering insights directly from SMEs.
Breakdown of Answer ChoicesOption
Description
Correct?
A. Test
?Incorrect–This method involvestechnical verification, not gathering SME insights.
B. Examine
?Incorrect–This method focuses ondocument review, not SME interaction.
C. Interview
?Correct – The method used to gather information from SMEs and achieve clarification.
D. Assessment
?Incorrect–This is a general term,not a specific assessment method.
CMMC Assessment Process Guide (CAP)– DefinesInterviewas the method for obtaining information from SMEs.
Official References from CMMC 2.0 DocumentationFinal Verification and ConclusionThe correct answer isC. Interview, as this methodgathers insights from subject matter expertsto verify cybersecurity implementations.
Which government agency are DoD contractors required to report breaches of CUI to?
FBI
NARA
DoD Cyber Crime Center
Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence and Security
Who Do DoD Contractors Report CUI Breaches To?PerDFARS 252.204-7012, all DoD contractors handlingControlled Unclassified Information (CUI)must report cyber incidents to theDoD Cyber Crime Center (DC3).
Key Reporting Requirements?Cyber incidents involving CUI must be reported toDC3 within 72 hours.
?Reports must be submitted via theDoD's Cyber Incident Reporting Portal.
?Contractors mustpreserve forensic evidencefor potential investigation.
The FBI (Option A) handles criminal investigations, but DoD contractorsmust report cyber incidents to DC3.
NARA (Option B) oversees the CUI Registry, butis not responsible for breach reporting.
The Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence and Security (Option D) is responsible for intelligence operations, not incident reporting.
Why "DoD Cyber Crime Center" is Correct?Breakdown of Answer ChoicesOption
Description
Correct?
A. FBI
?Incorrect–The FBI handlescriminal cases, not CUI breach reporting.
B. NARA
?Incorrect–NARA manages theCUI Registry, butdoes not handle breaches.
C. DoD Cyber Crime Center
?Correct – Per DFARS 252.204-7012, cyber incidents involving CUI must be reported to DC3.
D. Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence and Security
?Incorrect–This office doesnothandle cyber incident reports.
DFARS 252.204-7012– Requires DoD contractors to report CUI-related cyber incidents toDC3.
DoD Cyber Crime Center (DC3) Website– The official platform forcyber incident reporting.
Official References from CMMC 2.0 and DFARS DocumentationFinal Verification and ConclusionThe correct answer isC. DoD Cyber Crime Center, as perDFARS 252.204-7012, which mandates that all DoD contractors reportCUI breaches to DC3 within 72 hours.
Which method facilitates understanding by analyzing gathered artifacts as evidence?
Test
Examine
Behavior
Interview
The CMMC Assessment Process uses three methods: Examine, Interview, and Test. The method that involves analyzing artifacts (documents, system configurations, records, logs, etc.) is Examine.
Supporting Extracts from Official Content:
CMMC Assessment Guide: “Examine consists of reviewing, inspecting, or analyzing assessment objects such as documents, system configurations, or other artifacts to evaluate compliance.”
Why Option B is Correct:
Examine = analyzing artifacts.
Interview = discussions with personnel.
Test = executing technical checks.
Behavior is not an assessment method.
References (Official CMMC v2.0 Content):
CMMC Assessment Guide, Levels 1 and 2 — Assessment Methods (Examine, Interview, Test).
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Two network administrators are working together to determine a network configuration in preparation for CMMC. The administrators find that they disagree on a couple of small items. Which solution is the BEST way to ensure compliance with CMMC?
Consult with the CEO of the company.
Consult the CMMC Assessment Guides and NIST SP 800-171.
Go with the network administrator's ideas with the least stringent controls.
Go with the network administrator's ideas with the most stringent controls.
When preparing forCMMC compliance, organizations must ensure that theirnetwork configurations align with required cybersecurity controls. Ifnetwork administratorsdisagree on certain configurations, the mostobjective and accurateway to resolve the disagreement is by referencingofficial CMMC guidanceandNIST SP 800-171 requirements, which form the foundation of CMMC Level 2.
CMMC Assessment Guides as the Primary Reference
TheCMMC Assessment Guides (Level 1 & Level 2)provide clearinterpretationsof security practices.
Theyexplain how each practice should be implemented and assessedduring certification.
NIST SP 800-171 as the Compliance Baseline
CMMC Level 2is based directly onNIST SP 800-171, which outlines the110 security controlsrequired for protectingControlled Unclassified Information (CUI).
Network configurations must complywith NIST-defined security requirements, including:
Access Control (AC) – Ensuring least privilege principles.
Audit and Accountability (AU) – Logging and monitoring network activity.
System and Communications Protection (SC) – Secure network design and encryption.
Why the Other Answer Choices Are Incorrect:
(A) Consult with the CEO of the company:
ACEO is not necessarily a cybersecurity expertand may not be familiar with CMMC technical requirements.
Technical compliance decisions should be based onCMMC and NISTframeworks, not executive opinions.
(C) Go with the network administrator's ideas with the least stringent controls:
Choosingless stringent controls increases security riskand could lead toCMMC non-compliance.
(D) Go with the network administrator's ideas with the most stringent controls:
While security is important,more stringent controlsmay introduceoperational inefficienciesorunnecessary coststhat are not required for compliance.
The correct approach is to implement what is required by CMMC and NIST SP 800-171, no more and no less.
TheCMMC Assessment GuidesandNIST SP 800-171 Rev. 2areofficial sourcesthat provide the most reliable guidance on compliance.
CMMC Level 2 is entirely based on NIST SP 800-171, making it the definitive source for resolving security disagreements.
Step-by-Step Breakdown:Final Validation from CMMC Documentation:Thus, the correct answer is:
B. Consult the CMMC Assessment Guides and NIST SP 800-171.
Before submitting the assessment package to the Lead Assessor for final review, a CCP decides to review the Media Protection (MP) Level 1 practice evidence to ensure that all media containing FCI are sanitized or destroyed before disposal or release for reuse. After a thorough review, the CCP tells the Lead Assessor that all supporting documents fully reflect the performance of the practice and should be accepted because the evidence is:
official.
adequate.
compliant.
subjective.
CMMC Level 1 includes 17 practices derived fromFAR 52.204-21. Among them, theMedia Protection (MP) practicerequires organizations to ensure thatmedia containing FCI is sanitized or destroyed before disposal or release for reuseto prevent unauthorized access.
This requirement ensures that any storage devices, hard drives, USBs, or physical documents containingFederal Contract Information (FCI)areproperly disposed of or sanitizedto prevent data leakage.
The evidence collected for this practice should demonstrate that an organization has established and followed propermedia sanitization or destruction procedures.
Why the Correct Answer is "B. Adequate"?TheCMMC Assessment Process (CAP) Guideoutlines that for an assessment to be considered complete, all submitted evidence must meet the standard ofadequacybefore it is accepted by the Lead Assessor.
Definition of "Adequate" Evidence in CMMC:
Evidence isadequatewhen itfully demonstrates that a practice has been performed as requiredby CMMC guidelines.
TheLead Assessorevaluates whether the submitted documentation meets the CMMC 2.0 Level 1 requirements.
If the evidenceaccurately and completely demonstrates the sanitization or destruction of media containing FCI, then it meets the standard ofadequacy.
Why Not the Other Options?
A. Official– While the evidence may come from an official source, the CMMCdoes not require evidence to be "official", only that it beadequateto confirm compliance.
C. Compliant– Compliance is the final result of an assessment, but before compliance is determined, the evidence must first beadequatefor evaluation.
D. Subjective– CMMC evidence isobjective, meaning it should be based on verifiable documents, policies, logs, and procedures—not opinions or interpretations.
CMMC 2.0 Scoping Guide (Nov 2021)– Specifies that Media Protection (MP) at Level 1 applies only to assets that process, store, or transmit FCI.
CMMC Assessment Process (CAP) Guide– Definesadequate evidenceas documentation that completely and clearly supports the implementation of a required security practice.
FAR 52.204-21– The source of the Level 1 requirements, which includessanitization and destruction of media containing FCI.
Relevant CMMC 2.0 References:Final Justification:The CCP’s statement that the evidence"fully reflects the performance of the practice"aligns with the definition ofadequate evidenceunder CMMC. Since adequacy is the key standard used before final compliance decisions are made, the correct answer isB. Adequate.
When scoping the organizational system, the scope of applicability for the cybersecurity CUI practices applies to the components of:
federal systems that process, store, or transmit CUI.
nonfederal systems that process, store, or transmit CUI.
federal systems that process, store, or transmit CUI. or that provide protection for the system components.
nonfederal systems that process, store, or transmit CUI. or that provide protection for the system components.
TheCMMC 2.0 framework applies to nonfederal systemsthat process, store, or transmitCUI.
Scoping determineswhich system components must comply with CMMC practices.
If a systemprocesses, stores, or transmits CUI, orprovides security for those systems, itmust be included in the assessment scope.
CMMC Applies to Contractors, Not Federal Systems
CMMC isdesigned for Department of Defense (DoD) contractors, notfederal systems.
Federal systems arealready governed by NIST SP 800-53and other regulations.
Scope Includes Systems That Process CUI AND Those That Protect Them
Systemsprocessing, storing, or transmitting CUIare in scope.
Systems thatprovide protection for CUI systems(e.g., firewalls, monitoring tools, security appliances) arealso in scope.
A. Federal systems that process, store, or transmit CUI.?Incorrect
CMMCdoes not apply to federal systems.
B. Nonfederal systems that process, store, or transmit CUI.?Partially correct but incomplete
Itexcludes security systemsthat protect CUI assets, whichare also in scope.
C. Federal systems that process, store, or transmit CUI, or that provide protection for the system components.?Incorrect
CMMConly applies to nonfederal systems.
CMMC Scoping Guide (Nov 2021)– Confirms that CMMCapplies to nonfederal systemsprocessingCUI.
NIST SP 800-171 Rev. 2– Specifies security requirements fornonfederal systemshandling CUI.
DFARS 252.204-7012– Requires DoD contractors to implementNIST SP 800-171onnonfederal systemshandling CUI.
Understanding Scoping in CMMC 2.0Why the Correct Answer is "D. Nonfederal systems that process, store, or transmit CUI, or that provide protection for the system components"?Why Not the Other Options?Relevant CMMC 2.0 References:Final Justification:SinceCMMC applies to nonfederal systems that process CUI or protect those systems, the correct answer isD. Nonfederal systems that process, store, or transmit CUI, or that provide protection for the system components.
Which code or clause requires that a contractor is meeting the basic safeguarding requirements for FCI during a Level 1 Self-Assessment?
FAR 52.204-21
22CFR 120-130
DFARS 252.204-7011
DFARS 252.204-7021
1. Understanding Basic Safeguarding Requirements for FCI in CMMC Level 1
Federal Contract Information (FCI) is defined as information provided by or generated for the government under a contract that isnot intended for public release.
CMMCLevel 1is designed to ensurebasic safeguardingof FCI, aligning with15 security requirementsfound inFAR 52.204-21 (Basic Safeguarding of Covered Contractor Information Systems).
Contractors handlingonly FCImust meetCMMC Level 1, which alignsdirectlywith the safeguarding requirements set inFAR 52.204-21.
2. FAR 52.204-21 and Its Role in CMMC Level 1 Compliance
FAR 52.204-21establishes the baseline cybersecurity controls that contractors must implement to protectFCI.
The15 basic safeguarding requirementsinclude:
Limiting information accessto authorized users.
Identifying and authenticating usersbefore allowing system access.
Protecting transmitted FCIfrom unauthorized disclosure.
Monitoring and controlling connectionsto external systems.
Applying boundary protectionand cybersecurity measures.
Sanitizing mediabefore disposal.
Updating security configurationsto reduce vulnerabilities.
Providing physical securityprotections.
Controlling physical accessto systems that process FCI.
Enforcing multi-factor authentication (MFA) where applicable.
Patching vulnerabilitiesin software and hardware.
Limiting the use of removable media.
Creating and retaining system audit logs.
Performing risk-based security assessments.
Developing an incident response plan.
These 15 practices form thefoundationof CMMCLevel 1 Self-Assessment, ensuring contractorsmeet minimum cybersecurity expectationsfor handling FCI.
3. Why the Other Options Are Incorrect
B. 22 CFR 120-130:
This refers toInternational Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR), which controls the export of defense-related articles and services,notFCI safeguarding requirements.
C. DFARS 252.204-7011:
This clause refers toalternative line item structuresand does not pertain to cybersecurity or safeguarding FCI.
D. DFARS 252.204-7021:
This clause enforcesCMMC requirementsbut doesnot definebasic safeguarding controls. It requires compliance with CMMC but does not specify the foundational requirements (which come fromFAR 52.204-21for Level 1).
4. Official CMMC 2.0 Reference & Study Guide Alignment
TheCMMC 2.0 model documentationconfirms that Level 1 is focused on the15 practices from FAR 52.204-21.
TheDoD’s official CMMC Assessment Guidefor Level 1 explicitly states that meeting FAR 52.204-21 is therequirement for passing a Level 1 Self-Assessment.
TheCMMC 2.0 Scoping Guideclarifies that contractors handling onlyFCIand seekingLevel 1 certificationmust implementonly FAR 52.204-21security controls.
Final Confirmation:The correct answer isA. FAR 52.204-21, as it directly governs the basic safeguarding ofFCIand is the foundational requirement for aLevel 1 Self-Assessmentin CMMC 2.0.
An OSC lead has provided company information, identified that they are seeking CMMC Level 2, stated that they handle FCI. identified stakeholders, and provided assessment logistics. The OSC has provided the company's cyber hygiene practices that are posted on every workstation, visitor logs, and screenshots of the configuration of their FedRAMP-approved applications. The OSC has not won any DoD government contracts yet but is working on two proposals Based on this information, which statement BEST describes the CMMC Level 2 Assessment requirements?
Ready because there is no need to certify this company until after they win a DoD contract.
Not ready because the OSC is not on contract because they do not know the scope of FCI protection required by the contract.
Not ready because the OSC still lacks artifacts that prove they have implemented all the CMMC Level 2 Assessment requirements.
Ready because all DoD contractors are required to achieve CMMC Level 2; therefore, they are being proactive in seeking certification.
CMMC Level 2 Readiness and Certification RequirementsCMMCLevel 2is required forOrganizations Seeking Certification (OSCs) that handle Controlled Unclassified Information (CUI)and aligns withNIST SP 800-171's 110 security controls.
Key Readiness Indicators for a Level 2 Assessment:
The OSC must have implemented all 110 security practices from NIST SP 800-171.
Documented and validated cybersecurity policies and procedures must exist.
The OSC must be prepared to provide objective evidence (artifacts) proving compliance.
Why the OSC in the Question is Not Ready:
They have not won a DoD contract yet? This means they do not yet have a contractually definedCUI environment, which is the foundation for defining their security scope.
They have only provided FCI-related artifacts(e.g., visitor logs, workstation policies, FedRAMP configurations).
Lack of full documentation of CMMC Level 2 controls? The assessment requiresevidence for all 110 security practices(e.g., system security plans, incident response records, security awareness training documentation).
A. "Ready because there is no need to certify this company until after they win a DoD contract."
Incorrect? Some organizationsseek certification proactivelybefore winning contracts. However, readiness depends on implementingall 110 required controls, not contract status alone.
B. "Not ready because the OSC is not on contract because they do not know the scope of FCI protection required by the contract."
Incorrect? CMMC Level 2focuses on CUI, not just FCI. While FCI protection is important, the assessment’s focus is onCUI security requirements, which arenot fully addressed by the provided artifacts.
D. "Ready because all DoD contractors are required to achieve CMMC Level 2; therefore, they are being proactive in seeking certification."
Incorrect? While it is commendable that the OSC is being proactive,readiness is based on full compliance with NIST SP 800-171, not just intent.
A cyber incident is discovered that affects a covered contractor IS and the CDI residing therein. How long does the contractor have to inform the DoD?
24 hours
48 hours
72 hours
96 hours
Contractors that handle Covered Defense Information (CDI) are required to report cyber incidents to the Department of Defense within 72 hours of discovery.
Supporting Extracts from Official Content:
DFARS 252.204-7012(c)(1): “When the Contractor discovers a cyber incident that affects a covered contractor information system or the covered defense information residing therein, the Contractor shall conduct a review… and rapidly report the cyber incident to DoD within 72 hours of discovery.”
Why Option C is Correct:
The regulation explicitly specifies 72 hours.
Options A (24 hrs), B (48 hrs), and D (96 hrs) do not align with DFARS requirements.
References (Official CMMC v2.0 Content and Source Documents):
DFARS 252.204-7012, Safeguarding Covered Defense Information and Cyber Incident Reporting.
CMMC v2.0 Governance – Source Documents list includes DFARS 252.204-7012.
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In scoping a CMMC Level 1 Self-Assessment, all of the computers and digital assets that handle FCI are identified. A file cabinet that contains paper FCI is also identified. What can this file cabinet BEST be determined to be?
In scope, because it is an asset that stores FCI
In scope, because it is part of the same physical location
Out of scope, because they are all only paper documents
Out of scope, because it does not process or transmit FCI
Does a File Cabinet Containing Paper FCI Fall Within CMMC Scope?CMMConly applies to digital systems and assetsthatprocess, store, or transmitFederal Contract Information (FCI)andControlled Unclassified Information (CUI).Physical storage (such as paper documents) is not included in CMMC scoping.
Step-by-Step Breakdown:?1. CMMC Scope Covers Only Digital Systems and Assets
According to theCMMC Scoping Guide (Level 1),only digital assetsthat handleFCIarein scopefor aLevel 1 Self-Assessment.
Afile cabinetisnot a digital system; therefore, it isnot in scopefor CMMC compliance.
?2. Why the Other Answer Choices Are Incorrect:
(A) In scope, because it is an asset that stores FCI?
Incorrect:While the file cabinetdoes store FCI,CMMC only applies to digital systems.
(B) In scope, because it is part of the same physical location?
Incorrect:CMMCdoes notconsiderphysical proximitywhen determining scope—only digital data handling matters.
(D) Out of scope, because it does not process or transmit FCI?
Partially correct, but incomplete: Themain reasonit is out of scope is that itcontains only paper documents, not that it doesn’t process/transmit data.
TheCMMC Level 1 Scoping Guideexplicitly states thatpaper-based storage of FCI does not fall within scope.
Final Validation from CMMC Documentation:Thus, the correct answer is:
?C. Out of scope, because they are all only paper documents.
Which CMMC Levels focus on protecting CUI from exfiltration?
Levels 1 and 2
Levels 1 and 3
Levels 2 and 3
Levels 1, 2, and 3
Level 1 only addresses the protection of Federal Contract Information (FCI) and does not include requirements for safeguarding Controlled Unclassified Information (CUI).
Level 2 is explicitly designed to protect Controlled Unclassified Information (CUI). It requires implementation of all 110 security requirements from NIST SP 800-171 Rev. 2, which directly support the safeguarding of CUI and help prevent its unauthorized disclosure or exfiltration.
Level 3 builds on Level 2 by including a subset of requirements from NIST SP 800-172. These additional practices are designed to enhance the protection of CUI against advanced persistent threats (APTs), further strengthening defenses against exfiltration.
Therefore, the levels that focus on protecting CUI from exfiltration are Levels 2 and 3.
Reference Documents:
CMMC Model v2.0 Overview (DoD, December 2021)
NIST SP 800-171 Rev. 2, Protecting Controlled Unclassified Information in Nonfederal Systems and Organizations
NIST SP 800-172, Enhanced Security Requirements for Protecting Controlled Unclassified Information
Which NIST SP discusses protecting CUI in nonfederal systems and organizations?
NIST SP 800-37
NIST SP 800-53
NIST SP 800-88
NIST SP 800-171
Understanding the Role of NIST SP 800-171 in CMMCNIST Special Publication (SP)800-171is the definitive standard for protectingControlled Unclassified Information (CUI)innonfederal systems and organizations. It provides security requirements that organizations handling CUImust implementto protect sensitive government information.
This document isthe foundationofCMMC 2.0 Level 2compliance, which aligns directly withNIST SP 800-171 Rev. 2requirements.
Breakdown of Answer ChoicesNIST SP
Title
Relevance to CMMC
NIST SP 800-37
Risk Management Framework (RMF)
Focuses on risk assessment for federal agencies, not directly applicable to CUI in nonfederal systems.
NIST SP 800-53
Security and Privacy Controls for Federal Systems
Provides security controls forfederalinformation systems, not specifically tailored tononfederalorganizations handling CUI.
NIST SP 800-88
Guidelines for Media Sanitization
Covers secure data destruction and disposal, not overall CUI protection.
NIST SP 800-171
Protecting Controlled Unclassified Information in Nonfederal Systems and Organizations
?Correct Answer – Directly addresses CUI protection in contractor systems.
Key Requirements from NIST SP 800-171The document outlines110 security controlsgrouped into14 families, including:
Access Control (AC)– Restrict access to authorized users.
Audit and Accountability (AU)– Maintain system logs and monitor activity.
Incident Response (IR)– Establish an incident response plan.
System and Communications Protection (SC)– Encrypt CUI in transit and at rest.
These controls serve as thebaseline requirementsfor organizations seekingCMMC Level 2 certificationto work withCUI.
CMMC 2.0 Level 2alignsdirectlywith NIST SP800-171 Rev. 2.
DoD contractors that handle CUImustcomply withall 110 controlsfrom NIST SP800-171.
Official Reference from CMMC 2.0 DocumentationFinal Verification and ConclusionThe correct answer isD. NIST SP 800-171, as this documentexplicitly definesthe cybersecurity requirements for protectingCUI in nonfederal systems and organizations.
For CMMC Assessments, during Phase 1 of the CMMC Assessment Process, which are responsible for identifying potential conflicts of information?
C3PAO and OSC
OSC and CMMC-AB
CMMC-AB and C3PAO
Lead Assessor and Assessment Team Members
In Phase 1 (Planning) of the CMMC Assessment Process, the Lead Assessor is responsible for managing the team and identifying conflicts of interest. Assessment team members must also disclose potential conflicts.
Supporting Extracts from Official Content:
CAP v2.0, Planning (§2.5–2.8): “The Lead Assessor and Assessment Team Members must identify and disclose any conflicts of interest prior to conducting the assessment.”
Why Option D is Correct:
Only the Lead Assessor and assessment team are responsible for identifying conflicts of interest during Phase 1.
Options A, B, and C incorrectly assign this role to organizations that do not hold the responsibility.
References (Official CMMC v2.0 Content):
CMMC Assessment Process (CAP) v2.0, Phase 1 Planning responsibilities.
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In late September. CA.L2-3.12.1: Periodically assess the security controls in organizational systems to determine if the controls are effective in their application is assessed. Procedure specifies that a security control assessment shall be conducted quarterly. The Lead Assessor is only provided the first quarter assessment report because the person conducting the second quarter's assessment is currently out of the office and will return to the office in two hours. Based on this information, the Lead Assessor should determine that the evidence is;
sufficient, and rate the audit finding as MET
insufficient, and rate the audit finding as NOT MET.
sufficient, and re-rate the audit finding after a quarter two assessment report is examined.
insufficient, and re-rate the audit finding after a quarter two assessment report is examined.
CA.L2-3.12.1:"Periodically assess the security controls in organizational systems to determine if the controls are effective in their application."
This control is derived fromNIST SP 800-171, Requirement 3.12.1, which mandates organizations to performregular security control assessmentsto ensure compliance and effectiveness.
Evidence Review & Assessment Timeline:
The organization's procedureexplicitly statesthat security control assessments must be conductedquarterly(every three months).
Since the Lead Assessor only has access to thefirst-quarter report, the second-quarter report is missing at the time of assessment.
CMMC Audit Requirements:
For an assessor to rate a control asMET, sufficient evidence must bereadily availableat the time of evaluation.
Since the second-quarter report is missingat the time of assessment, the Lead Assessorcannot verify compliancewith the organization's own stated frequency of assessment.
Why the Answer is NOT A, C, or D:
A (Sufficient, MET)?Incorrect: The control assessment frequency is quarterly, but the evidence for Q2 is not available. Compliance cannot be confirmed.
C (Sufficient, and re-rate later)?Incorrect: If evidence is not available during the audit, the controlcannot be rated as MET initially. There is no provision in CMMC 2.0 to "conditionally" pass a control pending future evidence.
D (Insufficient, but re-rate later)?Incorrect: Once a control is ratedNOT MET, it staysNOT METuntil a re-assessment is conducted in a new audit cycle. The assessordoes not adjust ratings retroactivelybased on future evidence.
Control Reference: CA.L2-3.12.1Assessment Criteria & Justification for the Correct Answer:
CMMC Assessment Process (CAP) Guide (2023):
"For a control to be rated as MET, the assessed organization must provide sufficient evidence at the time of the assessment."
"If evidence is missing or incomplete, the finding shall be rated as NOT MET."
NIST SP 800-171A (Security Requirement Assessment Guide):
"Evidence must be current, relevant, and sufficient to demonstrate compliance with stated periodicity requirements."
Since the procedure mandatesquarterly assessments, missing evidence means compliancecannot be validated.
DoD CMMC Scoping Guidance:
"Assessors shall base their determination on the evidence provided at the time of assessment. If required evidence is not available, the control shall be rated as NOT MET."
Official CMMC 2.0 References Supporting the Answer:
Final Conclusion:Thecorrect answer is Bbecause the required evidence (the second-quarter report) is not availableat the time of assessment, making itinsufficientto validate compliance. The Lead Assessormust rate the control as NOT METin accordance with CMMC 2.0 assessment rules.
An organization's sales representative is tasked with entering FCI data into various fields within a spreadsheet on a company-issued laptop. This laptop is an FCI Asset being used to:
process and transmit FCI.
process and organize FCI.
store, process, and transmit FCI.
store, process, and organize FCI.
Understanding FCI and Asset CategorizationFederal Contract Information (FCI)is any informationnot intended for public releasethat is provided by or generated for thegovernmentunder aDoD contract.
Acompany-issued laptopused by a sales representative to enter FCI into aspreadsheetis considered anFCI assetbecause it:
?Stores FCI– The spreadsheet contains sensitive information.
?Processes FCI– The representative is entering data into the spreadsheet.
?Organizes FCI– The spreadsheet helps structure and manage FCI data.
Processing (Option B and C)is occurring, but since the laptop is primarily being used toorganize data,Option D is the most comprehensive.
Transmission (Option A and C)is not explicitly mentioned, soOption D is the best fit.
Why "Store, Process, and Organize FCI" is Correct?Breakdown of Answer ChoicesOption
Description
Correct?
A. Process and transmit FCI.
?Incorrect–No indication oftransmissionis provided.
B. Process and organize FCI.
?Incorrect–Storage is also a key function of the laptop.
C. Store, process, and transmit FCI.
?Incorrect–Transmission is not confirmed in the scenario.
D. Store, process, and organize FCI.
?Correct – The laptop is used to store, process, and organize FCI in a spreadsheet.
CMMC Asset Categorization Guidelines– DefinesFCI assetsbased onstorage, processing, and organization functions.
Official References from CMMC 2.0 DocumentationFinal Verification and ConclusionThe correct answer isD. Store, process, and organize FCI, as the laptop is used tostore information, enter (process) data, and structure (organize) FCI within a spreadsheet.
The results package for a Level 2 Assessment is being submitted. What MUST a Final Report. CMMC Assessment Results include?
Affirmation for each practice or control
Documented rationale for each failed practice
Suggested improvements for each failed practice
Gaps or deltas due to any reciprocity model are recorded as met
Understanding the CMMC Level 2 Final Report RequirementsFor aCMMC Level 2 Assessment, theFinal CMMC Assessment Results Reportmust include:
Assessment findings for each practice
Final ratings (MET or NOT MET) for each practice
A detailed rationale for each practice rated as NOT MET
The CMMC Assessment Process (CAP) Guidestates that if a practice is markedNOT MET, theassessors must provide a rationale explaining why it failed.
This rationale helps theOSC understand what needs remediationand, if applicable, whether the deficiency can be addressed via aPlan of Action & Milestones (POA&M).
TheFinal Report serves as an official recordand must be submitted as part of theresults package.
A. Affirmation for each practice or control (Incorrect)
While the report includes aMET/NOT MET ratingfor each practice,affirmation is not a required component.
C. Suggested improvements for each failed practice (Incorrect)
Assessors do not provide recommendations for improvement—they only document findings and rationale.
Providing suggestions would create aconflict of interestperCMMC-AB Code of Professional Conduct.
D. Gaps or deltas due to any reciprocity model are recorded as met (Incorrect)
If an organization isleveraging reciprocity (e.g., FedRAMP, Joint Surveillance Voluntary Assessments), gapsmust still be documented—not automatically marked as "MET."
The correct answer isB. Documented rationale for each failed practice, as this is amandatory requirement in the Final CMMC Assessment Results Report.
Which words summarize categories of data disposal described in the NIST SP 800-88 Revision 1. Guidelines for Media Sanitation?
Clear, purge, destroy
Clear redact, destroy
Clear, overwrite, purge
Clear, overwrite, destroy
Understanding NIST SP 800-88 Rev. 1 and Media SanitizationTheNIST Special Publication (SP) 800-88 Revision 1, Guidelines for Media Sanitization, provides guidance onsecure disposalof data from various types of storage media to prevent unauthorized access or recovery.
Clear
Useslogical techniquesto remove data from media, making it difficult to recover usingstandard system functions.
Example:Overwriting all datawith binary zeros or ones on a hard drive.
Applies to:Magnetic media, solid-state drives (SSD), and non-volatile memorywhen the media isreused within the same security environment.
Purge
Usesadvanced techniquesto make data recoveryinfeasible, even with forensic tools.
Example:Degaussinga magnetic hard drive orcryptographic erasure(deleting encryption keys).
Applies to:Media that is leaving organizational control or requires a higher level of assurance than "Clear".
Destroy
Physicallydamages the mediaso that data recovery isimpossible.
Example:Shredding, incinerating, pulverizing, or disintegratingstorage devices.
Applies to:Highly sensitive data that must be permanently eliminated.
B. Clear, Redact, Destroy (Incorrect)– "Redact" is a term used for document sanitization,notdata disposal.
C. Clear, Overwrite, Purge (Incorrect)– "Overwrite" is a method within "Clear," but it isnot a top-level categoryin NIST SP 800-88.
D. Clear, Overwrite, Destroy (Incorrect)– "Overwrite" is a sub-method of "Clear," but "Purge" is missing, making this incorrect.
The correct answer isA. Clear, Purge, Destroy, as these are thethree official categoriesof data disposal inNIST SP 800-88 Revision 1.
SC.L2-3 13.14: Control and monitor the use of VoIP technologies is marked as NOT APPLICABLE for an OSC's assessment. How does this affect the assessment scope?
Any existing telephone system is in scope even if it is not using VoIP technology.
An error has been made and the Lead Assessor should be contacted to correct the error.
VoIP technology is within scope, and it uses FlPS-validated encryption, so it does not need to be assessed.
VoIP technology is not used within scope boundary, so no assessment procedures are specified for this practice.
TheCMMC 2.0 Level 2requirementSC.L2-3.13.14comes fromNIST SP 800-171, Security Requirement 3.13.14, which mandates that organizations mustcontrol and monitor the use of VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol) technologiesif used within their system boundary.
If a systemdoes not use VoIP technology, then this control isNot Applicable (N/A)because there is nothing to assess.
When a requirement is marked as Not Applicable (N/A), it means the OSC does not use the technology or process covered by that controlwithin its assessment boundary.
No assessment procedures are neededsince there is no VoIP system to evaluate.
Option A (Existing telephone system in scope)is incorrect becausetraditional (non-VoIP) telephone systems are not covered by SC.L2-3.13.14—only VoIP is within scope.
Option B (Error, contact the Lead Assessor)is incorrect because markingSC.L2-3.13.14 as N/A is valid if VoIP is not used. This is not an error.
Option C (VoIP in scope but using FIPS-validated encryption, so it doesn’t need to be assessed)is incorrect becauseeven if VoIP uses FIPS-validated encryption, the control would still need to be assessed to ensure monitoring and usage control are in place.
CMMC 2.0 Level 2 Assessment Guide – SC.L2-3.13.14
NIST SP 800-171, Security Requirement 3.13.14
CMMC Scoping Guidance – Determining Not Applicable (N/A) Practices
Understanding SC.L2-3.13.14 – Control and Monitor the Use of VoIP TechnologiesWhy Option D is CorrectOfficial CMMC Documentation ReferencesFinal VerificationIfVoIP is not used within the OSC’s system boundary, the control does not require assessment, making Option D the correct answer.
A company is working with a CCP from a contracted CMMC consulting company. The CCP is asked where the Host Unit is required to document FCI and CUI for a CMMC Assessment. How should the CCP respond?
"In the SSP. within the asset inventory, and in the network diagranY'
"Within the hardware inventory, data (low diagram, and in the network diagram"
"Within the asset inventory, in the proposal response, and in the network diagram"
"In the network diagram, in the SSP. within the base inventory, and in the proposal response'"
ACertified CMMC Professional (CCP)advising anOrganization Seeking Certification (OSC)must ensure thatFederal Contract Information (FCI)andControlled Unclassified Information (CUI)are properly documented within required security documents.
Step-by-Step Breakdown:?1. System Security Plan (SSP)
CMMC Level 2requires anSSPto documenthow CUI is protected, including:
Security controlsimplemented
Asset categorization(CUI Assets, Security Protection Assets, etc.)
Policies and proceduresfor handling CUI
?2. Asset Inventory
Anasset inventorylistsall relevant IT systems, applications, and hardwarethat store, process, or transmitCUI or FCI.
TheCMMC Scoping Guiderequires OSCs to identifyCUI-relevant assetsas part of their compliance.
?3. Network Diagram
Anetwork diagramvisually representshow data flows across systems, showing:
WhereCUI is transmitted and stored
Security boundaries protectingCUI Assets
Connectivity betweenCUI Assets and Security Protection Assets
?4. Why the Other Answer Choices Are Incorrect:
(B) Within the hardware inventory, data flow diagram, and in the network diagram?
While adata flow diagramis useful,hardware inventory alone is insufficientto document CUI.
(C) Within the asset inventory, in the proposal response, and in the network diagram?
Aproposal responseis not a required document for CMMC assessments.
(D) In the network diagram, in the SSP, within the base inventory, and in the proposal response?
Base inventoryis not a specific CMMC documentation requirement.
TheCMMC Assessment Guideconfirms that FCI and CUI must be documented in:
The SSP
The asset inventory
The network diagram
Final Validation from CMMC Documentation:Thus, the correct answer is:
?A. "In the SSP, within the asset inventory, and in the network diagram."
A Lead Assessor is presenting an assessment kickoff and opening briefing. What topic MUST be included?
Gathering evidence
Review of the OSC's SSP
Overview of the assessment process
Examination of the artifacts for sufficiency
What is Required in the CMMC Assessment Kickoff and Opening Briefing?Before starting aCMMC assessment, theLead Assessormust present anopening briefingto ensure that theOrganization Seeking Certification (OSC)understands the assessment process.
Step-by-Step Breakdown:?1. Overview of the Assessment Process
The Lead Assessormust explain the CMMC assessment methodology, including:
Theassessment objectives and scope
How theassessment team will review security controls
What to expectduring interviews, testing, and document review
This ensurestransparency and alignmentbetween the assessors and the OSC.
?2. Why the Other Answer Choices Are Incorrect:
(A) Gathering Evidence?
Evidence collection is part of the assessment butnot the primary topic of the opening briefing.
(B) Review of the OSC's SSP?
While theSSP is a key document, reviewing it is part of the assessment,not the kickoff briefing.
(D) Examination of the artifacts for sufficiency?
Artifact review happens laterin the assessment process,not during the kickoff.
TheCMMC Assessment Process Guidestates that theopening briefing must include an overview of the assessment process, ensuring the OSC understands the expectations and methodology.
Final Validation from CMMC Documentation:Thus, the correct answer is:
?C. Overview of the assessment process.
An Assessment Team is conducting a Level 2 Assessment at the request of an OSC. The team has begun to score practices based on the evidence provided. At a MINIMUM what is required of the Assessment Team to determine if a practice is scored as MET?
All three types of evidence are documented for every control.
Examine and accept evidence from one of the three evidence types.
Complete one of the following; examine two artifacts, either observe a satisfactory demonstration of one control or receive one affirmation from the OSC personnel.
Complete two of the following: examine one artifact, either observe a satisfactory demonstration of one control or receive one affirmation from the OSC personnel.
This question pertains to theminimum evidence requirementsneeded by a CMMCAssessment Teamto score a practice asMETduring aLevel 2 Assessment.
The CMMC Level 2 assessment must align withNIST SP 800-171and follow the procedures outlined in theCMMC Assessment Process (CAP) Guide v1.0, particularly aroundevidence collection and scoring methodology.
?Step 1: Refer to the CMMC Assessment Process (CAP) Guide v1.0CAP v1.0 – Section 3.5.4: Evaluate Evidence and Score Practices“To assign a MET determination, the Assessment Team must collect and corroborate at least two types of objective evidence: either through examination of artifacts, interviews (affirmation), or testing (demonstration).”
This meansat least two typesof the following evidence are required:
Examine(documentation/artifacts),
Interview(affirmation from personnel),
Test(demonstration of implementation).
?Step 2: Clarify the Official Minimum Standard for a Practice to be Scored METThe CAP explicitly states:
“A practice can only be scored MET when a minimum oftwo types of evidencefrom the E-I-T (Examine, Interview, Test) triad are successfully collected and evaluated.”
Theevidence types must come from two different categories, for example:
An artifact(Examine)+ an interview affirmation(Interview),
A demonstration(Test)+ an interview(Interview),
Etc.
This cross-validation ensures that the control isimplemented, documented, and understoodby personnel — a core principle in assessing effective cybersecurity implementation.
?Why the Other Options Are IncorrectA. All three types of evidence are documented for every control?Incorrect:While collecting all three types (E-I-T) strengthens the assessment, theminimum requirementis onlytwo. Collecting all three isnot requiredfor a practice to be scoredMET.
B. Examine and accept evidence from one of the three evidence types?Incorrect:This fails to meet theminimum two-evidence-type requirementset by the CAP. Single-source evidence is not sufficient to score a practice as MET.
C. Complete one of the following; examine two artifacts, observe one demonstration, or receive one affirmation?Incorrect:Even if two artifacts are examined,this is still only one type of evidence(Examine). The CAP requires twotypes— not two instances of the same type.
?Why D is CorrectD. Complete two of the following: examine one artifact, either observe a satisfactory demonstration of one control or receive one affirmation from the OSC personnel.
? This directly reflects theCAP’s requirement for collecting two different types of objective evidenceto determine a practice is MET.
BLUF (Bottom Line Up Front):To score a CMMC Level 2 practice asMET, the Assessment Team must collecta minimum of two distinct types of evidence— from theExamine, Interview, Test (E-I-T)categories. This requirement is clearly stated in the CMMC Assessment Process (CAP) v1.0.
The practices in CMMC Level 2 consist of the security requirements specified in:
NIST SP 800-53
NIST SP 800-171
48 CFR 52.204-21
DFARS 252.204-7012
CMMC Level 2 requires full implementation of the 110 security requirements specified in NIST SP 800-171 Rev. 2, Protecting Controlled Unclassified Information in Nonfederal Systems and Organizations. These practices form the foundation for safeguarding CUI across defense contractor systems.
NIST SP 800-53 is a broader catalog of security controls for federal systems, not specific to CUI in the defense contractor environment.
48 CFR 52.204-21 establishes basic safeguarding requirements for Federal Contract Information (FCI) and corresponds to CMMC Level 1.
DFARS 252.204-7012 defines safeguarding and incident reporting obligations but does not enumerate the specific security practices required.
Thus, Level 2 practices are aligned to NIST SP 800-171.
Reference Documents:
CMMC Model v2.0 Overview, December 2021
NIST SP 800-171 Rev. 2
Which statement BEST describes the key references a Lead Assessor should refer to and use the:
DoD adequate security checklist for covered defense information.
CMMC Model Overview as it provides assessment methods and objects.
safeguarding requirements from FAR Clause 52.204-21 for a Level 2 Assessment.
published CMMC Assessment Guide practice descriptions for the desired certification level.
Key References for a Lead Assessor in a CMMC AssessmentALead Assessorconducting aCMMC assessmentmust rely onofficial CMMC guidance documentsto evaluate whether anOrganization Seeking Certification (OSC)meets the required cybersecurity practices.
TheCMMC Assessment Guideprovidesdetailed descriptionsof eachpractice and processat the specificCMMC level being assessed.
It defines:?Theassessment objectivesfor each practice.?Therequired evidencefor compliance.?Thescoring criteriato determine if a practice isMET or NOT MET.
Most Relevant Reference: CMMC Assessment Guide
A. DoD adequate security checklist for covered defense information ? Incorrect
TheDoD adequate security checklistis related toDFARS 252.204-7012 compliance, butCMMC assessmentsfollow theCMMC Assessment Guide.
B. CMMC Model Overview as it provides assessment methods and objects ? Incorrect
TheCMMC Model Overviewprovideshigh-level guidance, butdoes not contain specific assessment criteria.
C. Safeguarding requirements from FAR Clause 52.204-21 for a Level 2 Assessment ? Incorrect
FAR 52.204-21is relevant toCMMC Level 1 (FCI protection), butCMMC Level 2 follows NIST SP 800-171and requiresCMMC Assessment Guidesfor validation.
D. Published CMMC Assessment Guide practice descriptions for the desired certification level ? Correct
TheCMMC Assessment Guideis theofficial documentused to determine if anOSC meets the required security practices for certification.
Why is the Correct Answer "D. Published CMMC Assessment Guide practice descriptions for the desired certification level"?
CMMC Assessment Process (CAP) Document
Specifies thatLead Assessors must use the CMMC Assessment Guidefor official scoring.
CMMC Assessment Guide for Level 1 & Level 2
Providesdetailed descriptions, assessment methods, and scoring criteriafor each practice.
CMMC-AB Guidance for Certified Third-Party Assessment Organizations (C3PAOs)
Confirms thatCMMC assessments must follow the Assessment Guide, not general DoD security policies.
CMMC 2.0 References Supporting This Answer:
Final Answer:?D. Published CMMC Assessment Guide practice descriptions for the desired certification level.
Which document specifies the CMMC Level 1 practices that correspond to basic safeguarding requirements?
NIST SP 800-171
NIST SP 800-171b
48 CFR 52.204-21
DFARS 252.204-7012
CMMC Level 1 practices correspond directly to the basic safeguarding requirements for Federal Contract Information (FCI), which are codified in FAR clause 48 CFR 52.204-21. These 15 requirements form the foundation for Level 1 compliance.
Supporting Extracts from Official Content:
48 CFR 52.204-21: “Contractors shall apply the following 15 basic safeguarding requirements to protect Federal Contract Information (FCI).”
CMMC Model v2.0 Overview: “Level 1 corresponds to the 15 basic safeguarding requirements in FAR 52.204-21.”
Why Option C is Correct:
FAR 52.204-21 is the source for Level 1 practices.
NIST SP 800-171 applies to CUI and Level 2, not Level 1.
NIST SP 800-171b is the precursor to NIST SP 800-172 (used for Level 3).
DFARS 252.204-7012 covers CUI safeguarding and incident reporting, not Level 1 FCI requirements.
References (Official CMMC v2.0 Content):
FAR 48 CFR 52.204-21, Basic Safeguarding of Covered Contractor Information Systems.
CMMC Model v2.0, Level 1 Overview.
An Assessment Team is conducting interviews with team members about their roles and responsibilities. The team member responsible for maintaining the antivirus program knows that it was deployed but has very little knowledge on how it works. Is this adequate for the practice?
Yes, the antivirus program is available, so it is sufficient.
Yes, antivirus programs are automated to run independently.
No, the team member must know how the antivirus program is deployed and maintained.
No, the team member's interview answers about deployment and maintenance are insufficient.
For a practice to beadequately implementedin aCMMC Level 2 assessment, theresponsible personnel must demonstrate knowledge of deployment, maintenance, and operationof security tools such asantivirus programs. Simply having the tool in place isnot sufficient—there must be evidence that it isproperly configured, updated, and monitoredto protect against threats.
Step-by-Step Breakdown:?1. Relevant CMMC and NIST SP 800-171 Requirements
CMMC Level 2 aligns with NIST SP 800-171, which includes:
Requirement 3.14.5 (System and Information Integrity - SI-3):
"Employautomatedmechanisms toidentify, report, and correctsystem flaws in a timely manner."
Requirement 3.14.6 (SI-3(2)):
"Employautomated toolsto detect and prevent malware execution."
These requirements imply that theperson responsible for antivirus must understand how it is deployed and maintainedto ensure compliance.
?2. Why the Team Member’s Knowledge is Insufficient
Antivirus tools requireregular updates,configuration adjustments, andmonitoringto function properly.
The responsible team member must:
Knowhow the antivirus was deployedacross systems.
Be able toconfirm updates, logs, and alerts are monitored.
Understand how torespond to malware detectionsand failures.
If the team member lacks this knowledge, assessors maydetermine the practice is not fully implemented.
?3. Why the Other Answer Choices Are Incorrect:
(A) Yes, the antivirus program is available, so it is sufficient.?
Incorrect:Just having antivirus softwareinstalleddoes not prove compliance. It must bemanaged and maintained.
(B) Yes, antivirus programs are automated to run independently.?
Incorrect:While automation helps, security toolsrequire oversight, updates, and configuration.
(D) No, the team member's interview answers about deployment and maintenance are insufficient.?
Partially correct but incomplete:Themain issueis that the team membermust have sufficient knowledge, not just that their answers are weak.
Final Validation from CMMC Documentation:TheCMMC Assessment Guide for SI-3 and SI-3(2)states that personnel mustunderstand the function, deployment, and maintenance of security toolsto ensure proper implementation.
Thus, the correct answer is:
During the planning phase of a CMMC Level 2 Assessment, the Lead Assessor is considering what would constitute the right evidence for each practice. What is the Assessor attempting to verify?
Adequacy
Sufficiency
Process mapping
Assessment scope
Understanding Evidence Sufficiency in CMMC Level 2 AssessmentsDuring aCMMC Level 2 Assessment, theLead Assessormust determine whether the evidence collected for each practice issufficientto support an assessment finding. This aligns with theCMMC Assessment Process (CAP) Guide, which requires assessors to evaluate:
Examinations– Reviewing documents, configurations, and system records.
Interviews– Speaking with personnel to confirm implementation and understanding.
Testing– Observing security controls in action to validate effectiveness.
To determine whether evidence issufficient, the assessor ensures that it:
Directly supports the assessment objective.
Demonstrates that the practice is consistently implemented.
Can be independently verified.
Sufficiencyrefers to whetherenoughevidence has been collected to make an accurate determination about compliance.
Option A (Adequacy)is incorrect because adequacy relates tothe qualityof evidence, while sufficiency focuses on whetherenoughevidence exists.
Option C (Process Mapping)is incorrect because process mapping is used for understanding workflows but is not an assessment verification method.
Option D (Assessment Scope)is incorrect because defining the scope happensbeforeevidence collection, during the planning phase.
CMMC Assessment Process (CAP) Guide – Section 3.6 (Determining Sufficiency of Evidence)
CMMC Level 2 Assessment Guide – Evidence Collection and Evaluation
Why Option B (Sufficiency) is CorrectOfficial CMMC Documentation ReferencesFinal VerificationSince theLead Assessor is ensuring enough evidence is available to verify compliance, the correct answer isOption B: Sufficiency.
The facilities manager for a company has procured a Wi-Fi enabled, mobile application-controlled thermostat for the server room, citing concerns over the inability to remotely gauge and control the temperature of the room. Because the thermostat is connected to the company's FCI network, should it be assessed as part of the CMMC Level 1 Self-Assessment Scope?
No, because it is OT
No, because it is an loT device
Yes. because it is a restricted IS
Yes, because it is government property
CMMC Level 1applies toFederal Contract Information (FCI)systems.
Any system or device that is connected to an FCI-handling network is within the assessment scopebecause it canintroduce vulnerabilitiesinto the environment.
TheWi-Fi-enabled thermostat is connected to the FCI network, meaning it haspotential accessto sensitive contract-related data.
PerCMMC Scoping Guidance, this type of device is classified as aRestricted Information System (Restricted IS)—devices that do not store, process, or transmit FCI but areconnected to networks that do.
Restricted IS must be accounted for in the self-assessment scope to ensure they do not compromise security controls.
Who will verify the adequacy and sufficiency of evidence to determine whether the practices and related components for each in-scope Host Unit, Supporting Organization/Unit, or enclave have been met?
OSC
Assessment Team
Authorizing official
Assessment official
Per the CMMC Assessment Process (CAP), the Assessment Team is responsible for determining the adequacy and sufficiency of evidence collected during the assessment. The team validates whether practices and components for each in-scope Host Unit, Supporting Organization, or enclave meet the target CMMC level. The OSC (Organization Seeking Certification) provides evidence, but only the Assessment Team makes the verification and scoring determination.
Reference Documents:
CMMC Assessment Process (CAP), v1.0
Which statement BEST describes an assessor's evidence gathering activities?
Use interviews for assessing a Level 2 practice.
Test all practices or objectives for a Level 2 practice
Test certain assessment objectives to determine findings.
Use examinations, interviews, and tests to gather sufficient evidence.
Under theCMMC Assessment Process (CAP)andCMMC 2.0 guidelines, assessors must gather objective evidence to validate that an organization meets the required security practices and processes. This evidence collection is performed throughthree primary assessment methods:
Examination– Reviewing documents, records, system configurations, and other artifacts.
Interviews– Speaking with personnel to verify processes, responsibilities, and understanding of security controls.
Testing– Observing system behavior, performing technical validation, and executing controls in real-time to verify effectiveness.
TheCMMC Assessment Process (CAP)states that an assessor must use acombinationof evidence-gathering methods (examinations, interviews, and tests) to determine compliance.
CMMC 2.0 Level 2(Aligned withNIST SP 800-171) requires assessors to verify not only that policies and procedures exist but also that they are implemented and effective.
Solely relying ononemethod (like interviews in Option A) is insufficient.
Testing all practices or objectives (Option B)is unnecessary, as assessors followscoping guidanceto determine which objectives need deeper examination.
Testing only "certain" objectives (Option C)does not fully align with the requirement of gatheringsufficient evidencefrom multiple methods.
CMMC Assessment Process (CAP) Guide, Section 3.5 – Assessment Methodsexplicitly defines the use of examinations, interviews, and tests as the foundation of an effective assessment.
CMMC 2.0 Level 2 Practices and NIST SP 800-171require assessors to validate the presence, implementation, and effectiveness of security controls.
CMMC Appendix E: Assessment Proceduresstates that an assessor should use multiple sources of evidence to determine compliance.
Why Option D is CorrectCMMC 2.0 and Official Documentation ReferencesFinal VerificationTo ensure compliance withCMMC 2.0 guidelines and official documentation, an assessor must useexaminations, interviews, and teststo gather evidence effectively, makingOption D the correct answer.
When assessing an OSC for CMMC: the Lead Assessor should use the information from the Discussion and Further Discussion sections in each practice because it:
is normative for an OSC to follow.
contains examples that an OSC must implement.
is mandatory and aligns with FAR Clause 52.204-21.
provides additional information to facilitate the assessment of the practice.
Understanding the Role of "Discussion" and "Further Discussion" Sections in CMMC AssessmentsWhen assessing anOrganization Seeking Certification (OSC)forCMMC compliance, theLead Assessorrelies on various sources of guidance.
Eachpracticein the CMMC model includes:
The Practice Statement– The official requirement the OSC must meet.
Discussion Section– Providesclarifications, interpretations, and guidancefor implementation.
Further Discussion Section– Expands on the practice,offering additional details, best practices, and examples.
These sections arenot mandatory, but they help assessorsinterpret and evaluatewhether an OSC has met the practice requirements.
TheDiscussion and Further Discussion sectionsprovidecontext, explanations, and examplesto assist theLead Assessorin understanding how an OSC might demonstrate compliance.
Theyhelp guide the assessment processbut arenot prescriptiveormandatoryfor an OSC.
Theassessor uses these sectionsto verify whether theOSC's implementation meets the intent of the requirement.
Why "Provides Additional Information to Facilitate the Assessment" is Correct?Breakdown of Answer ChoicesOption
Description
Correct?
A. Is normative for an OSC to follow.
?Incorrect–The sections areguidance, notnormative (mandatory)requirements.
B. Contains examples that an OSC must implement.
?Incorrect–Examples aresuggestions, notmandatory implementations.
C. Is mandatory and aligns with FAR Clause 52.204-21.
?Incorrect–The "Discussion" sections arenot mandatoryand arenot tied directlyto FAR 52.204-21.
D. Provides additional information to facilitate the assessment of the practice.
?Correct – These sections help the assessor evaluate compliance but do not mandate specific implementations.
TheCMMC Assessment Guidestates that theDiscussion and Further Discussion sections provide clarificationsto help both assessors and OSCs.
These sections arenot bindingbut serve asinterpretive guidanceto assist in assessments.
Official References from CMMC 2.0 DocumentationFinal Verification and ConclusionThe correct answer isD. Provides additional information to facilitate the assessment of the practice.This aligns withCMMC 2.0 documentation and assessment guidelines.
Validation of findings is an iterative process usually performed during the Daily Checkpoints throughout the entire assessment process. As a validation activity, why are the preliminary findings important?
It allows the OSC to comment and provide additional evidence.
It determines whether the OSC will be rated MET or NOT MET on their assessment.
It confirms that the Assessment Team's findings are right and cannot be changed.
It corroborates the Assessment Team's understanding of the CMMC practices and controls.
1. Understanding the Validation of Findings in CMMC AssessmentsValidation of findings is an essential part of theCMMC assessment process, ensuring that observations and preliminary conclusions drawn by the assessment team are accurate, fair, and based on complete evidence. This process occurs iteratively during theDaily Checkpointsand is fundamental in determining the overall compliance status of theOrganization Seeking Certification (OSC).
2. The Role of Preliminary Findings in the Assessment ProcessPreliminary findings arenot finalbut rather a mechanism for ensuring transparency, accuracy, and fairness. These findings serve several key purposes:
Allows for OSC Input & Clarification: The OSC has an opportunity to review andprovide additional evidencethat may address deficiencies identified by the assessment team.
Prevents Misinterpretations: By allowing the OSC to comment, the assessment team can refine or correct their understanding of the OSC's implementation of CMMC practices.
Supports Fair and Informed Ratings: Before finalizing MET or NOT MET determinations, the assessment team ensures they have considered all relevant evidence.
Encourages a Collaborative Assessment Process: This validation activity fosters open communication between assessors and the OSC, reducing disputes and misunderstandings.
The primary purpose of preliminary findings is to allow theOSC to comment and provide additional evidencebefore final determinations are made.
This aligns withCMMC Assessment Process guidance, which emphasizes iterative validation of findings throughDaily Checkpoints and Final Outbriefdiscussions.
The validation of findings ensures thatOSC responses and supplementary evidence are considered, making the assessment process more accurate and fair.
3. Why Answer Choice "A" is Correct4. Why Other Answer Choices Are IncorrectOption
Reason for Elimination
B. It determines whether the OSC will be rated MET or NOT MET on their assessment.
Incorrect: Preliminary findings do not directly determine the final rating. The assessment team reviews all collected evidence before making a final decision.
C. It confirms that the Assessment Team's findings are right and cannot be changed.
Incorrect: Findings arenot finalat the preliminary stage. The OSC has the opportunity to challenge findings by providing new or clarifying evidence.
D. It corroborates the Assessment Team's understanding of the CMMC practices and controls.
Partially Correct but Not the Best Answer: While validation helps refine understanding, itsprimary function is to allow OSC input, making optionA the most accurate choice.
CMMC Assessment Process (CAP) Document:
Section 5.3 – Validation of Findings: "The OSC is given the opportunity to provide additional evidence and comments to clarify or supplement preliminary assessment results."
Section 5.4 – Daily Checkpoints: "The assessment team discusses preliminary findings with the OSC, allowing the organization to address concerns in real time."
CMMC 2.0 Level 2 Scoping & Assessment Guide:
Confirms that the assessment process includes continuous dialogue with the OSC before final determinations are made.
5. Official CMMC References Supporting This Answer6. ConclusionPreliminary findings are acrucial validation stepin CMMC assessments, ensuring that organizations have the opportunity toprovide additional evidence and clarify potential misunderstandings. This iterative process improves accuracy and fairness in determining compliance with CMMC requirements. Therefore, the correct answer is:
A. It allows the OSC to comment and provide additional evidence.
The Assessment Team has completed Phase 2 of the Assessment Process. In conducting Phase 3 of the Assessment Process, the Assessment Team is reviewing evidence to address Limited Practice Deficiency Corrections. How should the team score practices in which the evidence shows the deficiencies have been corrected?
MET
POA&M
NOT MET
NOT APPLICABLE
Understanding the CMMC Assessment Process (CAP) PhasesTheCMMC Assessment Process (CAP)consists ofthree primary phases:
Phase 1 - Planning(Pre-assessment activities)
Phase 2 - Conducting the Assessment(Evidence collection and analysis)
Phase 3 - Reporting and Finalizing Results
DuringPhase 3, the Assessment Teamreviews evidenceto confirm if anyLimited Practice Deficiency Correctionshave been successfully implemented.
Scoring Practices in Phase 3The CAP document specifies that a practice can bescored as METif:
?The deficiency identified in Phase 2 has been fully corrected before final scoring.
?Sufficient evidence is provided to demonstrate compliance with the CMMC requirement.
?The correction is notmerely plannedbutfully implemented and validatedby the assessors.
Since the evidence shows thatdeficiencies have been corrected, the correct score isMET.
B. POA&M (Plan of Action & Milestones)?Incorrect. APOA&M (Plan of Action and Milestones)is usedonly when a deficiency remains unresolved. Since the deficiency is already corrected, this option does not apply.
C. NOT MET?Incorrect. A practice is scoredNOT METonly if the deficiency hasnotbeen corrected by the end of the assessment.
D. NOT APPLICABLE?Incorrect. A practice is markedNOT APPLICABLE (N/A)only if it doesnot apply to the organization’s environment, which is not the case here.
Why the Other Answers Are Incorrect
CMMC Assessment Process (CAP) Document– Defines scoring criteria for MET, NOT MET, and POA&M.
CMMC Official ReferencesThus,option A (MET) is the correct answer, as the deficiencies have been corrected before final scoring.
A machining company has been awarded a contract with the DoD to build specialized parts. Testing of the parts will be done by the company using in-house staff and equipment. For a Level 1 Self-Assessment, what type of asset is this?
CUI Asset
In-scope Asset
Specialized Asset
Contractor Risk Managed Asset
This question deals withasset categorizationduring aCMMC Level 1 Self-Assessment. The organization is manufacturingspecialized partsfor the DoD, butLevel 1of CMMC only concernsFederal Contract Information (FCI)—notControlled Unclassified Information (CUI). Therefore, asset categorization should follow theCMMC Scoping Guidance for Level 1.
?Step 1: Understand CMMC Level 1 and FCI
Level 1 Objective:
Implement basic safeguarding requirements as perFAR 52.204-21.
Applies to systems thatstore, process, or transmit FCI.
Self-assessments are permitted and required annually.
Source Reference:
CMMC Scoping Guidance – Level 1 (v1.0)
https://dodcio.defense.gov/CMMC
?Step 2: What is an “In-scope Asset”?
CMMC Scoping Guidance – Level 1definesIn-scope assetsas:
“Assets that process, store, or transmit FCI or provide security protection for such assets.”
In this scenario:
The machining company isperforming contract work(manufacturing DoD parts).
Thetesting is done internally, implying the systems and equipment used in testing and documentation aredirectly supporting the contract.
These systems likely handleFCIsuch as technical specifications, purchase orders, or test reports.
??Therefore, the equipment and systems used in testing are consideredIn-scope Assetsunder Level 1.
?Why the Other Options Are Incorrect
A. CUI Asset
?Incorrect forLevel 1:
CUI is only in scope atCMMC Level 2 and Level 3.
Level 1 is concerned withFCI, not CUI.
C. Specialized Asset
?Incorrect definition:
Specialized assets(defined inCMMC Level 2 Scoping) include IoT, OT, ICS, GFE, and similar types of non-enterprise assets that may require alternative treatment.
This classification isnot used in Level 1 Scoping.
D. Contractor Risk Managed Asset
?Incorrect:
Also defined underCMMC Level 2 Scopingonly.
These are assets that are not security-protected but are managed via risk-based decisions.
This term isnot applicableforCMMC Level 1 assessments.
?Step 3: Alignment with Official Documentation
According to theCMMC Scoping Guidance for Level 1:
“The assets within the self-assessment scope are those that process, store, or transmit FCI. These assets are considered ‘in-scope.’”
No other asset categorization (such as CUI asset, specialized asset, or contractor risk managed asset) is used atLevel 1.
BLUF (Bottom Line Up Front):
For aCMMC Level 1 Self-Assessment, theonlyasset category officially recognized is theIn-scope Asset— any asset that handles or protects FCI. Since the company's internal testing operations are part of fulfilling the DoD contract, the systems and staff involved arein scope.
Prior to conducting a CMMC Assessment, the contractor must specify the CMMC Assessment scope by categorizing all assets. Which two asset categories are always assessed against CMMC practices?
CUI Assets and Specialized Assets
Security Protection Assets and CUI Assets
Specialized Assets and Contractor Risk Managed Assets
Security Protection Assets and Contractor Risk Managed Assets
Understanding CMMC Asset Scoping RequirementsBefore conducting aCMMC Level 2 Assessment, anOrganization Seeking Certification (OSC)must define theassessment scopeby categorizing all assets. This ensures that only relevant systems are assessed againstCMMC practices, reducing unnecessary compliance burdens.
According to theCMMC Scoping Guide for Level 2, there are four asset categories:
CUI Assets– Assets that process, store, or transmitControlled Unclassified Information (CUI).
Security Protection Assets (SPA)– Assets that providesecurity functions(e.g., firewalls, intrusion detection systems, identity management systems).
Contractor Risk Managed Assets (CRMA)– Assets thatdo not directly store/process CUIbut interact with CUI environments (e.g., BYOD devices, personal computers used for remote access).
Specialized Assets– Unique systems such asOperational Technology (OT), IoT, and Government Furnished Equipment (GFE), which may requirelimitedCMMC assessment.
Which Asset Categories Are Always Assessed??1. CUI Assets(ALWAYS ASSESSED)
These are theprimary focusof CMMC Level 2 since they handleCUI.
All110 NIST SP 800-171 controlsapply to these assets.
?2. Security Protection Assets (SPA)(ALWAYS ASSESSED)
Security tools that protectCUI Assetsarealways includedin the assessment.
Examples includefirewalls, antivirus, endpoint detection and response (EDR) tools, and identity management systems.
(A) CUI Assets and Specialized Assets?
CUI Assets are assessed, butSpecialized Assets are only assessed in a limited manner, depending on their role inCUI security.
(C) Specialized Assets and Contractor Risk Managed Assets?
Specialized Assets and CRMAsare typicallynot fully assessedagainst CMMC controls unless they directly impactCUI security.
(D) Security Protection Assets and Contractor Risk Managed Assets?
SPAs are always assessed, butCRMAs are not necessarily assessedunless they directly impact CUI.
TheCMMC Scoping Guide (Level 2)clearly states thatCUI Assets and Security Protection Assetsarealways assessedagainst CMMC practices.
Why the Other Answer Choices Are Incorrect:Final Validation from CMMC Documentation:Thus, the correct answer is:
B. Security Protection Assets and CUI Assets.
Which words summarize categories of data disposal described in the NIST SP 800-88 Revision 1, Guidelines for Media Sanitation?
Clear, purge, destroy
Clear, redact, destroy
Clear, overwrite, purge
Clear, overwrite, destroy
NIST SP 800-88 Rev. 1 is the authoritative guide for media sanitization. It defines three categories of data disposal: Clear, Purge, and Destroy.
Supporting Extracts from Official Content:
NIST SP 800-88 Rev. 1: “Media sanitization techniques are divided into three categories: Clear, Purge, and Destroy.”
Why Option A is Correct:
“Clear, Purge, Destroy” are the exact three categories named.
Redact and Overwrite are not categories; Overwriting is a technique that may fall under Clear.
References (Official CMMC v2.0 Content and Source Documents):
NIST SP 800-88 Rev. 1, Guidelines for Media Sanitization.
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Exercising due care to ensure the information gathered during the assessment is protected even after the engagement has ended meets which code of conduct requirement?
Availability
Confidentiality
Information Integrity
Respect for Intellectual Property
The requirement to exercise due care in protecting information gathered during an assessment aligns with the principle ofConfidentialityunder theCMMC Code of Professional Conduct (CoPC). This ensures that sensitive assessment data, findings, and any Controlled Unclassified Information (CUI) remain protected even after the engagement concludes.
Definition of Confidentiality in CMMC Context:
Confidentiality refers to protecting sensitive information from unauthorized disclosure.
In the context of a CMMC assessment, it includes safeguarding assessment artifacts, findings, and other sensitive data collected during the evaluation process.
CMMC Code of Professional Conduct (CoPC) References:
TheCMMC Code of Professional Conductstates that assessors and organizations must handle all collected information with discretion andensure its protection post-engagement.
Clause on"Maintaining Confidentiality"specifies that assessors must:
Not disclose sensitive information to unauthorized parties.
Secure data in storage and transmission.
Retain and dispose of data securely in accordance with federal regulations.
Alignment with NIST 800-171 & CMMC Practices:
CMMC Level 2 incorporates NIST SP 800-171 controls, which include:
Requirement 3.1.3:“Control CUI at rest and in transit” to ensure unauthorized individuals do not gain access.
Requirement 3.1.4:“Separate the duties of individuals to reduce risk” ensures that assessment findings are only shared with authorized personnel.
These requirements align with the duty toexercise due carein protecting assessment-related information.
Why the Other Options Are Incorrect:
(A) Availability:This refers to ensuring data is accessible when needed but does not directly relate to protecting gathered information post-assessment.
(C) Information Integrity:This focuses on preventing unauthorized modifications rather than restricting disclosure.
(D) Respect for Intellectual Property:While related to ethical handling of proprietary data, it does not directly cover post-engagement confidentiality requirements.
TheCMMC Code of Professional ConductandNIST SP 800-171control requirements confirm thatConfidentialityis the correct answer, as it directly pertains to protecting information post-assessment.
Step-by-Step Breakdown:Final Validation from CMMC Documentation:Thus, the correct answer isB. Confidentiality.
Which phase of the CMMC Assessment Process includes developing the assessment plan?
Phase 1
Phase 2
Phase 3
Phase 4
Understanding the Phases of the CMMC Assessment ProcessTheCMMC Assessment Process (CAP)consists of multiple phases, with each phase focusing on a different aspect of the assessment.Developing the assessment planoccurs inPhase 1, which is thePre-Assessment Phase.
Engagement Agreement: TheOSC (Organization Seeking Certification)and theCertified Third-Party Assessment Organization (C3PAO)formalize the assessment contract.
Developing the Assessment Plan: TheLead Assessorand the assessment team create anAssessment Plan, which outlines:
Scope of the assessment
CMMC Level requirements
Assessment methodology
Timeline and logistics
Initial Data Collection: Review of system documentation, policies, and relevant security controls.
Key Activities in Phase 1 – Pre-Assessment Phase
A. Phase 1 ? Correct
Phase 1 is where the assessment plan is developed.
It ensuresclarity on scope, methodology, and logistics before the assessment begins.
B. Phase 2 ? Incorrect
Phase 2 is theAssessment Conduct Phase, where assessorsexecutethe plan by examining evidence and interviewing personnel.
C. Phase 3 ? Incorrect
Phase 3 is thePost-Assessment Phase, which involvesfinalizing findings and submitting reports, not developing the plan.
D. Phase (Incomplete Answer) ? Incorrect
The question requires a specific phase, and the correct one isPhase 1.
Why is the Correct Answer "Phase 1" (A)?
CMMC Assessment Process (CAP) Document
DefinesPhase 1as the stage where the assessment plan is developed.
CMMC Accreditation Body (CMMC-AB) Guidelines
Specifies thatplanning and pre-assessment activities occur in Phase 1.
CMMC 2.0 Certification Workflow
Outlines the assessment planning process as part of theinitial engagementbetween theC3PAO and the OSC.
CMMC 2.0 References Supporting this Answer:
A Lead Assessor and an OSC's Assessment Official have agreed to have the Assessment results presented during the final Daily Checkpoint of the OSC's CMMC Level 2 Assessment. Which document MUST the Lead Assessor use to present assessment findings to the OSC?
CMMC POA&M Brief
CMMC Findings Brief
CMMC Assessment Tracker Tool
CMMC Recommended Findings template
According to the CMMC Assessment Process (CAP), the Lead Assessor must use the CMMC Findings Brief to formally present assessment results to the Organization Seeking Certification (OSC). The Findings Brief ensures consistency across assessments and provides the OSC with an official, standardized presentation of results, including observed strengths, weaknesses, and any non-conformities.
Other options are incorrect because:
POA&M Brief is not part of the official CAP presentation.
CMMC Assessment Tracker Tool is an internal tool used by assessors, not for presentation to the OSC.
Recommended Findings template is not a recognized deliverable in CAP.
Reference Documents:
CMMC Assessment Process (CAP), v1.0
An assessment is being completed at a client site that is not far from the Lead Assessor's home office. The client provides a laptop for the duration of the engagement. During a meeting with the network engineers, the Lead Assessor requests information about the network. They respond that they have a significant number of drawings they can provide via their secure cloud storage service. The Lead Assessor returns to their home office and decides to review the documents. What is the BEST way to retrieve the documents?
Log into the secure cloud storage service to save copies of the documents on both the work and client laptops.
Log into the client VPN from the client laptop and retrieve the documents from the secure cloud storage service.
Log into the client VPN from the assessor's laptop and retrieve the documents from the secure cloud storage service.
Use their home office workstation to retrieve the documents from the secure cloud storage service and save them to a USB stick.
Best Practices for Handling Sensitive Assessment InformationCMMC assessments involve handlingsensitive and potentially CUI-related documents. Assessors must follow strictsecurity policiesto avoid unauthorized access, data leaks, or non-compliance withCMMC 2.0 and NIST SP 800-171 requirements.
Why Logging into the Client VPN on the Client Laptop is the Best Approach:
Ensures Data Protection:The client laptop is likely configured to meet security controls required for handling assessment-related materials.
Prevents Data Spillage:Keeping all assessment-related activities within the client’s secured environment reduces the risk ofdata leakage or unauthorized storage.
Maintains Compliance with CMMC/NIST Guidelines:Using aproperly configured client laptop and secured connectionensures compliance withNIST SP 800-171 controls on secure remote access(Requirement3.13.12).
A. "Log into the secure cloud storage service to save copies of the documents on both the work and client laptops."
Incorrect?Sensitive data should not be duplicated across multiple systems, especially a non-client-approved laptop. Storing it on an unauthorized systemviolates data handling best practices.
C. "Log into the client VPN from the assessor's laptop and retrieve the documents from the secure cloud storage service."
Incorrect? Theassessor’s laptop may not be authorizedorsecuredto handle client data. CMMC guidelines emphasizeusing approved, secured systemsfor assessment-related information.
D. "Use their home office workstation to retrieve the documents from the secure cloud storage service and save them to a USB stick."
Incorrect?
Transferring sensitive documents via USBintroduces security risks, including unauthorized data storage and potential malware contamination.
Home office workstationsare unlikely to be authorized for handling CMMC-sensitive data.
Regarding the Risk Assessment (RA) domain, what should an OSC periodically assess?
Organizational operations, business assets, and employees
Organizational operations, business processes, and employees
Organizational operations, organizational assets, and individuals
Organizational operations, organizational processes, and individuals
TheRisk Assessment (RA) domainaligns withNIST SP 800-171 control family 3.11 (Risk Assessment)and is designed to help organizationsidentify, assess, and manage cybersecurity risksthat could impact their operations.
TheRA.3.144 practice(which is a CMMC Level 2 requirement) explicitly states:
"Periodically assess therisktoorganizational operations (including mission, functions, image, or reputation), organizational assets, and individualsresulting from the operation of organizational systems and the associated processing, storage, or transmission of CUI."
This means that OSCs (Organizations Seeking Certification) should regularly evaluate risks to:
?Organizational operations(e.g., mission, business continuity, functions)
?Organizational assets(e.g., data, IT systems, intellectual property)
?Individuals(e.g., employees, contractors, customers affected by security risks)
Thus, the correct answer isC. Organizational operations, organizational assets, and individuals.
A. Organizational operations, business assets, and employees?Incorrect."Business assets"is not the correct terminology used in CMMC/NIST SP 800-171. Instead,"organizational assets"is the proper term.
B. Organizational operations, business processes, and employees?Incorrect."Business processes"is not a part of the formal risk assessment requirement. The correct scope includesorganizational assetsandindividuals, not just processes.
D. Organizational operations, organizational processes, and individuals?Incorrect. While processes are important,organizational assetsmust be considered in the assessment, not just processes.
Why the Other Answers Are Incorrect
CMMC 2.0 Model (Level 2 - RA.3.144)– Specifies that risk assessments must coverorganizational operations, organizational assets, and individuals.
NIST SP 800-171 (3.11.1)– Reinforces the same risk assessment scope.
CMMC Official ReferencesThus,option C (Organizational operations, organizational assets, and individuals) is the correct answerbased on official CMMC risk assessment requirements.
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TESTED 15 Dec 2025