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To restore the original scikit-learn model object, the correct method is mlflow.sklearn.load_model, which takes the model URI as an argument and returns a scikit-learn model. This method can load models with the sklearn flavor, which preserves the original attributes and methods of the model. The mlflow.load_model method is a generic method that can load models with any flavor, but it returns a pyfunc model, which does not have the feature_importances_ attribute. The client.list_artifacts method is used to list theartifacts associated with a run, not to load a model. The client.pyfunc.load_model method is similar to mlflow.load_model, but it takes a local file path instead of a model URI. The MLflow Experiments UI can show the logged parameters, metrics, and artifacts of a run, but it cannot show the model object itself. References:

• MLflow Models
• MLflow Python API

Label drift is a type of data drift that occurs when there is a change in the probability of a label P(Y). This means that the output distribution of the model’s data source has changed over time, which can affect the performance and accuracy of the model. For example, if a model is trained to classify images of animals, and the data source starts to provide more images of cats than dogs, this would be an example of label drift. Label drift can be caused by various factors, such as changes in user behavior, environmental conditions, market trends, etc. Label drift can be detected and handled by various methods, such as periodic retraining, online learning, ensemble methods, etc123 References:

• Monitoring Feature Drift - Databricks
• Drift Metrics: How to Select the Right Metric to Analyze Drift
• Detect data drift on datasets (preview) - Azure Machine Learning

An HTTP Webhook is a mechanism that allows you to register a callback that is triggered by an event, such as a model registry event. The callback is an HTTP request that is sent to a specified URL, which can invoke an action or a notification on another platform or service. An HTTP Webhook is required for use cases that involve integrating the model registry with external tools or workflows that are not supported by Databricks1.

Sending a message to a Slack channel when a model version transitions stages is a use case that requires the use of an HTTP Webhook. This is because Slack is an external platform that is not natively integrated with Databricks, and the model registry events are not directly accessible by Slack. Therefore, to send a message to a Slack channel, you need to register an HTTP Webhook that is triggered by the model registry event of interest, such as MODEL_VERSION_TRANSITIONED_STAGE. The HTTP Webhook then sends a request to the Slack API endpoint that corresponds to the channel and the message content2.

The other options are incorrect because:

• Option A: Starting a testing job when a new model is registered does not require the use of an HTTP Webhook, but rather a job registry webhook. A job registry webhook is a type of webhook that triggers a job in a Databricks workspace when a model registry event occurs. A job registry webhook can be created using the Databricks REST API or the Python client databricks-registry-webhooks on PyPI3.
• Option B: Updating data in a source table for a Databricks SQL dashboard when a model version transitions to the Production stage does not require the use of an HTTP Webhook, but rather a Databricks SQL trigger. A Databricks SQL trigger is a mechanism that allows you to execute a SQL query or a notebook when a specified condition is met, such as a time interval or a file arrival. A Databricks SQL trigger can be created using the Databricks SQL UI or the Databricks REST API4.
• Option C: Sending an email alert when an automated testing job fails does not require the use of an HTTP Webhook, but rather a job alert. A job alert is a feature that allows you to send an email notification when a job run meets a specifiedcondition, such as a failure, a timeout, or a success. A job alert can be created using the Jobs UI or the Databricks REST API5.
• Option D: None of these use cases require the use of an HTTP Webhook is incorrect, as option E does require the use of an HTTP Webhook. References: MLflow Model Registry Webhooks on Databricks, Streamline MLOps With MLflow Model Registry Webhooks, Databricks SQL Triggers, Job Alerts, [Slack API]

To create nested runs in MLflow, you need to specify the nested=True argument in the parent run, and omit it in the child runs. This will set a special tag (mlflow.utils.mlflow_tags.MLFLOW_PARENT_RUN_ID) in the child runs that indicates the parent run ID. This way, the UI will show the child runs under the parent run in a collapsible hierarchy. The indentation of the code blocks is not relevant, as long as the child runs are created within the context of the parent run. The run name parameter is also not relevant, as it does not affect the nesting of the runs. References: Understanding Parent and Child Runs in MLflow, Nested runs using MLflowClient, creating-child-runs-in-mlflow

Concept drift is a change in the relationship between input and output data over time, which can affect the performance and accuracy of the model. To monitor concept drift, one needs to compare the predicted values from the model with the observed (actual) label values from the data source. A common way to do this is to compute an evaluation metric, such as accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score, etc., using the observed and predicted values. This metric can indicate how well the model is performing on the current data, and how it differs from the baseline performance on the training data. If the metric shows a significant decline over time, it may suggest that concept drift has occurred and the model needs to be updated123 References:

• Monitoring Concept Drift - Databricks
• Data drift, concept drift, and how to monitor for them - Mona Labs
• 8 Concept Drift Detection Methods To Use With ML Models - Aporia