Practice Free CKA Certified Kubernetes Administrator (CKA) Program Exam Questions Answers With Explanation

solution

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kubectl run nginx --image=nginx --restart=Never --env=var1=value1

# then

kubectl exec -it nginx -- env

# or

kubectl exec -it nginx -- sh -c 'echo $var1'

# or

kubectl describe po nginx | grep value1

kubectl run nginx --image=nginx --restart=Never --labels=env=test --namespace=engineering --dry-run -o yaml > nginx-pod.yaml

kubectl run nginx --image=nginx --restart=Never --labels=env=test --namespace=engineering --dry-run -o yaml | kubectl create -n engineering -f –

YAML File:

apiVersion: v1

kind: Pod

metadata:

name: nginx

namespace: engineering

labels:

env: test

spec:

containers:

- name: nginx

image: nginx

imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent

restartPolicy: Never

kubectl create -f nginx-pod.yaml

solution

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solution

Persistent Volume

A persistent volume is a piece of storage in a Kubernetes cluster. PersistentVolumes are a cluster-level resource like nodes, which don’t belong to any namespace. It is provisioned by the administrator and has a particular file size. This way, a developer deploying their app on Kubernetes need not know the underlying infrastructure. When the developer needs a certain amount of persistent storage for their application, the system administrator configures the cluster so that they consume the PersistentVolume provisioned in an easy way.

Creating Persistent Volume

kind: PersistentVolume

apiVersion: v1

metadata:

name:app-data

spec:

capacity: # defines the capacity of PV we are creating

storage: 2Gi #the amount of storage we are tying to claim

accessModes: # defines the rights of the volume we are creating

- ReadWriteMany

hostPath:

path: "/srv/app-data" # path to which we are creating the volume

Challenge

Create a Persistent Volume named app-data, with access mode ReadWriteMany, storage classname shared, 2Gi of storage capacity and the host path /srv/app-data.

2. Save the file and create the persistent volume.

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3. View the persistent volume.

Our persistent volume status is available meaning it is available and it has not been mounted yet. This status will change when we mount the persistentVolume to a persistentVolumeClaim.

PersistentVolumeClaim

In a real ecosystem, a system admin will create the PersistentVolume then a developer will create a PersistentVolumeClaim which will be referenced in a pod. A PersistentVolumeClaim is created by specifying the minimum size and the access mode they require from the persistentVolume.

Challenge

Create a Persistent Volume Claim that requests the Persistent Volume we had created above. The claim should request 2Gi. Ensure that the Persistent Volume Claim has the same storageClassName as the persistentVolume you had previously created.

kind: PersistentVolume

apiVersion: v1

metadata:

name:app-data

spec:

accessModes:

- ReadWriteMany

resources:

requests:

storage: 2Gi

storageClassName: shared

2. Save and create the pvc

njerry191@cloudshell:~ (extreme-clone-2654111)$ kubect1 create -f app-data.yaml

persistentvolumeclaim/app-data created

3. View the pvc

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4. Let’s see what has changed in the pv we had initially created.

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Our status has now changed from available to bound.

5. Create a new pod named myapp with image nginx that will be used to Mount the Persistent Volume Claim with the path /var/app/config.

Mounting a Claim

apiVersion: v1

kind: Pod

metadata:

creationTimestamp: null

name: app-data

spec:

volumes:

- name:congigpvc

persistenVolumeClaim:

claimName: app-data

containers:

- image: nginx

name: app

volumeMounts:

- mountPath: "/srv/app-data "

name: configpvc

Solution:

kubectl get deployment

kubectl scale deployment.apps/presentation --replicas=6

Kubectl logs frontend | grep -i “started” > /opt/error-logs

solution

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Step 0: Set the correct Kubernetes context

If you're given a specific context (k8s in this case), you must switch to it:

kubectl config use-context k8s

?? Skipping this can cause you to work in the wrong cluster/namespace and cost you marks.

Step 1: Identify the namespace of the pod foo

First, check if foo is running in a specific namespace or in the default namespace.

kubectl get pods --all-namespaces | grep foo

Assume the pod is in the default namespace if no namespace is mentioned.

Step 2: Confirm pod foo exists and is running

kubectl get pod foo

You should get output similar to:

NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE

foo 1/1 Running 0 1h

If the pod is not running, logs may not be available.

Step 3: View logs and filter specific error lines

We’re looking for log lines that contain:

unable-to-access-website

Command:

kubectl logs foo | grep "unable-to-access-website"

Step 4: Write the filtered log lines to a file

Redirect the output to the required path:

kubectl logs foo | grep "unable-to-access-website" > /opt/KULM00201/foo

? This creates or overwrites the file /opt/KULM00201/foo with the filtered logs.

???? You may need sudo if /opt requires elevated permissions. But in most exam environments, you're already the root or privileged user.

Step 5: Verify the output file (optional but smart)

Check that the file was created and has the correct content:

cat /opt/KULM00201/foo

? Final Answer Summary:

kubectl config use-context k8s

kubectl logs foo | grep "unable-to-access-website" > /opt/KULM00201/foo

Task Summary

You need to:

SSH into the correct node: cka000055

Use kubectl to list all cert-manager CRDs, and save that list to ~/resources.yaml

Do not use any output format flags like -o yaml

Extract the documentation for the spec.subject field of the Certificate custom resource and save it to ~/subject.yaml

Step-by-Step Instructions

Step 1: SSH into the node

ssh cka000055

Step 2: List cert-manager CRDs and save to a file

First, identify all cert-manager CRDs:

kubectl get crds | grep cert-manager

Then extract them without specifying an output format:

kubectl get crds | grep cert-manager | awk '{print $1}' | xargs kubectl get crd > ~/resources.yaml

This saves the default kubectl get output to the required file without formatting flags.

Step 3: Get documentation for spec.subject in the Certificate CRD

Run the following command:

kubectl explain certificate.spec.subject > ~/subject.yaml

This extracts the field documentation and saves it to the specified file.

If you're not sure of the resource, verify it exists:

kubectl get crd certificates.cert-manager.io

Final Command Summary

ssh cka000055

kubectl get crds | grep cert-manager | awk '{print $1}' | xargs kubectl get crd > ~/resources.yaml

kubectl explain certificate.spec.subject > ~/subject.yaml

SOLUTION:

[student@node-1] > ssh ek8s

kubectl cordon ek8s-node-1

kubectl drain ek8s-node-1 --delete-local-data --ignore-daemonsets --force

solution

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kubectl get po nginx -o

jsonpath='{.spec.containers[].image}{"\n"}'

Task Summary

SSH into cka000060

Add the Argo CD Helm repo named argo

Generate a manifest (~/argo-helm.yaml) for Argo CD version 7.7.3

Target namespace: argocd

Do not install CRDs

Just generate, don’t install

? Step-by-Step Solution

1?? SSH into the correct host

ssh cka000060

?? Required — skipping this = zero score

2?? Add the Argo CD Helm repository

helm repo add argo https://argoproj.github.io/argo-helm

helm repo update

? This adds the official Argo Helm chart source.

3?? Generate Argo CD Helm chart template (version 7.7.3)

Use the helm template command to generate a manifest and write it to ~/argo-helm.yaml.

helm template argocd argo/argo-cd \

--version 7.7.3 \

--namespace argocd \

--set crds.install=false \

> ~/argo-helm.yaml

argocd ? Release name (can be anything; here it's same as the namespace)

--set crds.install=false ? Disables CRD installation

> ~/argo-helm.yaml ? Save to required file

? 4?? Verify the generated file (optional but smart)

head ~/argo-helm.yaml

Check that it contains valid Kubernetes YAML and does not include CRDs.

???? Final Command Summary

ssh cka000060

helm repo add argo https://argoproj.github.io/argo-helm

helm repo update

helm template argocd argo/argo-cd \

--version 7.7.3 \

--namespace argocd \

--set crds.install=false \

> ~/argo-helm.yaml

head ~/argo-helm.yaml # Optional verification

Task Summary

SSH into cka000022 ?

Modify an existing Deployment:

Namespace: spline-reticulator

Deployment: front-end

Container: nginx

Expose: port 80/tcp

Create a Service:

Name: front-end-svc

Type: NodePort

Port: 80 ? container port 80

? Step-by-Step Solution

1?? SSH into the correct node

ssh cka000022

?? Skipping this = zero score

2?? Edit the Deployment to expose port 80

kubectl edit deployment front-end -n spline-reticulator

Under containers: ? nginx, add this if not present:

ports:

- containerPort: 80

protocol: TCP

? This enables the container to accept traffic on port 80.

3?? Create a NodePort Service

Create a file named front-end-svc.yaml:

cat < front-end-svc.yaml

apiVersion: v1

kind: Service

metadata:

name: front-end-svc

namespace: spline-reticulator

spec:

type: NodePort

selector:

app: front-end

ports:

- port: 80

targetPort: 80

protocol: TCP

EOF

?? Make sure the Deployment has a matching label selector like app: front-end. You can verify with:

kubectl get deployment front-end -n spline-reticulator -o yaml | grep labels -A 2

4?? Apply the service

kubectl apply -f front-end-svc.yaml

5?? Verify

Check if the service is created and has a NodePort assigned:

kubectl get svc front-end-svc -n spline-reticulator

? You should see something like:

NAME TYPE CLUSTER-IP EXTERNAL-IP PORT(S) AGE

front-end-svc NodePort 10.96.0.123 80:3XXXX/TCP 10s

Where 3XXXX is your automatically assigned NodePort (between 30000–32767).

Final Command Summary

ssh cka000022

kubectl edit deployment front-end -n spline-reticulator

# Add:

# ports:

# - containerPort: 80

cat < front-end-svc.yaml

apiVersion: v1

kind: Service

metadata:

name: front-end-svc

namespace: spline-reticulator

spec:

type: NodePort

selector:

app: front-end

ports:

- port: 80

targetPort: 80

protocol: TCP

EOF

kubectl apply -f front-end-svc.yaml

kubectl get svc front-end-svc -n spline-reticulator

kubectl get pods -o=jsonpath="{.items[*]['metadata.name'

, 'metadata.namespace']}"

solution

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Solution:

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Task Overview

You're restoring a MariaDB deployment in the mariadb namespace with persistent data.

? Tasks:

SSH into cka000047

Create a PVC named mariadb:

Namespace: mariadb

Access mode: ReadWriteOnce

Storage: 250Mi

Use the existing retained PV (there’s only one)

Edit ~/mariadb-deployment.yaml to use the PVC

Apply the deployment

Verify MariaDB is running and stable

Step-by-Step Solution

1?? SSH into the correct host

ssh cka000047

?? Required — skipping = zero score

2?? Inspect the existing PersistentVolume

kubectl get pv

? Identify the only existing PV, e.g.:

NAME CAPACITY ACCESS MODES RECLAIM POLICY STATUS CLAIM STORAGECLASS

mariadb-pv 250Mi RWO Retain Available manual

Ensure the status is Available, and it is not already bound to a claim.

3?? Create the PVC to bind the retained PV

Create a file mariadb-pvc.yaml:

cat < mariadb-pvc.yaml

apiVersion: v1

kind: PersistentVolumeClaim

metadata:

name: mariadb

namespace: mariadb

spec:

accessModes:

- ReadWriteOnce

resources:

requests:

storage: 250Mi

volumeName: mariadb-pv # Match the PV name exactly

EOF

Apply the PVC:

kubectl apply -f mariadb-pvc.yaml

? This binds the PVC to the retained PV.

4?? Edit the MariaDB Deployment YAML

Open the file:

nano ~/mariadb-deployment.yaml

Look under the spec.template.spec.containers.volumeMounts and spec.template.spec.volumes sections and update them like so:

Add this under the container:

yaml

CopyEdit

volumeMounts:

- name: mariadb-storage

mountPath: /var/lib/mysql

And under the pod spec:

volumes:

- name: mariadb-storage

persistentVolumeClaim:

claimName: mariadb

? These lines mount the PVC at the MariaDB data directory.

5?? Apply the updated Deployment

kubectl apply -f ~/mariadb-deployment.yaml

6?? Verify the Deployment is running and stable

kubectl get pods -n mariadb

kubectl describe pod -n mariadb

? Ensure the pod is in Running state and volume is mounted.

???? Final Command Summary

ssh cka000047

kubectl get pv # Find the retained PV

# Create PVC

cat < mariadb-pvc.yaml

apiVersion: v1

kind: PersistentVolumeClaim

metadata:

name: mariadb

namespace: mariadb

spec:

accessModes:

- ReadWriteOnce

resources:

requests:

storage: 250Mi

volumeName: mariadb-pv

EOF

kubectl apply -f mariadb-pvc.yaml

# Edit Deployment

nano ~/mariadb-deployment.yaml

# Add volumeMount and volume to use the PVC as described

kubectl apply -f ~/mariadb-deployment.yaml

kubectl get pods -n mariadb