Practice Free ISO-45001-Lead-Auditor PECB Certified OHSMS ISO 45001 Lead Auditor Exam Exam Questions Answers With Explanation

The best answer is B .

Under ISO 45001, worker consultation and participation is required by Clause 5.4 , but the standard does not require a specific documented procedure for that clause. The organization must provide mechanisms, information, time, training, and resources for consultation and participation, but ISO 45001 does not say it must maintain a formal procedure specifically for this.

Also, ISO 45001 Clause 7.5.3 requires documented information to be controlled so that it is available and suitable for use, and adequately protected. An “obsolete” document is not automatically a nonconformity just because it exists. It may be retained for reference or historical reasons, provided the organization controls it properly and it is not being used unintentionally as current information. That is why the correct audit reaction is to note it and verify on site whether it is actually part of the current controlled documented information .

Why the other options are not the best:

A is weak because using an obsolete procedure to prepare the checklist risks relying on invalid information before confirming what the current controlled version is.

C is unnecessary as the first response. You already have enough evidence to note a potential document-control point and verify it during the audit.

D is incorrect because you should not raise a nonconformity before verifying the facts on site. An obsolete-marked document alone does not prove a breach of Clause 7.5.3. A nonconformity must be based on objective evidence gathered during the audit.

The correct answers are E, F, and H .

This situation raises three serious concerns: impartiality , professional conduct , and the reliability of the audit conclusion . Third-party auditors are expected to act honestly and impartially, and accepting gifts from the auditee is inconsistent with that expectation. The IAF auditor code of conduct says auditors must be honest and impartial and must avoid conduct that discredits the profession. ( IAF )

E is correct because the audit team leader must first consider whether the alleged behavior could compromise the validity of the audit findings and conclusion . If that risk is significant, the matter should be escalated to the individual(s) managing the audit programme for direction, since certification audits must remain competent, consistent, and impartial. ( ISO )

F is correct because the team leader should gather specific facts and then give the auditor an opportunity to respond to the allegations before deciding the next step. That is the appropriate immediate management action and is consistent with fair handling of an issue that could affect audit integrity. The concern is too serious to ignore, but it should still be examined on evidence, not assumption. ( ISO )

H is also correct because, while the matter is being addressed, moving the auditor in training away from the auditor concerned is a sensible control to protect the trainee and the audit process. It helps reduce further disruption and prevents the trainee from being exposed to more inappropriate conduct during the remainder of the audit. This is a practical audit-management response flowing from the team leader’s responsibility to maintain control of the audit team and audit activities. ( ISO )

Why the other options are not correct:

A is too immediate and inappropriate. The auditor in training cannot simply replace a qualified auditor without proper competence and authorization being confirmed.

B is premature. The audit should not be terminated immediately without first assessing the facts and the impact on the audit.

C is clearly wrong because the issue could affect the integrity of the current audit and cannot wait until later.

D is wrong and unethical; the tickets should not be accepted by anyone on the audit team. ( IAF )

G is wrong because experience does not excuse unethical or unprofessional behavior.

Clause 5.1 of ISO 45001:2018 requires top management to demonstrate leadership and commitment to the OH and S management system. This includes awareness of the OH and S policy and its objectives.

Analysis of Options:

A. As a member of the management team, the Deputy College Principal is not aware of the OHSMS policy: Correct. A lack of awareness of the policy reflects poor leadership commitment, which violates Clause 5.1.

B. OH and S improvement is not possible due to the lack of awareness of the OHSMS: Incorrect. While improvement may be hindered, this is not the main issue in this scenario.

C. The Deputy College Principal is not competent to manage the OHSMS: Incorrect. The Deputy’s competence to manage the OHSMS is not in question; the issue is their lack of awareness of key elements.

D. The OH and S policy only exists as a document in the College Principal’s office: Incorrect. The policy may be accessible but not effectively communicated or understood by management.

ISO References:

Clause 5.1: Leadership and commitment.

Clause 5.2: OH and S policy.

In a first-party audit (internal audit), the organization conducts the audit to determine whether its management system conforms to planned arrangements, to the organization’s own requirements, and to the requirements of ISO 45001, and whether it is effectively implemented and maintained. ISO 45001 Clause 9.2 requires internal audits to provide information on conformity and effectiveness.

E. Verify compliance with regulatory requirements is a valid audit objective because ISO 45001 requires the organization to determine its legal and other requirements and to evaluate compliance with them. Internal audits commonly include verification that these legal OH and S obligations are being met as part of checking the effectiveness and conformity of the OH and S management system. This aligns with Clause 6.1.3 and Clause 9.1.2 of ISO 45001.

B. Complete the audit on time is also an audit objective in practical first-party auditing because audit objectives are established for the audit and supported by planning, resources, timing, and reporting arrangements. While it is not a system conformance criterion, it is a valid objective for the audit assignment itself, ensuring the audit is performed as planned and efficiently managed. This fits normal lead auditor practice in planning and conducting internal audits.

Why the other options are not correct:

A. Apply international standards is too broad and is not itself an audit objective. Standards are the criteria or reference, not the objective.

C. Confirm the scope of the management system is accurate is not usually stated as a first-party audit objective; scope is established by the organization under Clause 4.3, though it may be reviewed during audits.

D. Prepare the audit report for the certification body does not apply to a first-party audit, because internal audits are not performed for a certification body.

F. Update the management policy is a management responsibility, not an audit objective. Audits may identify inputs for policy review, but updating the policy is not the purpose of the audit itself.

Therefore, the two correct options are:

B, E

The closing meeting of a second-party audit focuses on the findings, conformance to agreed requirements, and areas for improvement. ISO 19011:2018 provides guidance on closing meetings, stating that the results of the audit, including conformity with criteria, must be reviewed and agreed upon.

Analysis of Options:

A. The names and email addresses of attendees at the closing meeting: Irrelevant. Attendance details are not part of the audit discussion.

B. The extent of the auditee’s documented information system: While relevant during the audit, it is not typically a focus in the closing meeting.

C. The extent to which the auditee is conforming to OH and S requirements in supply contracts: Correct. Second-party audits often assess compliance with contractual requirements.

D. The extent to which the auditee conforms to ISO 45001 requirements: Correct. The core purpose of the audit is to evaluate conformity to ISO 45001.

E. The nature of the trading relationship between the organizations: Correct. The trading relationship often shapes the scope and context of second-party audits.

F. Whether the audit has correctly performed in current contracts with other customers: Irrelevant. The focus is on the specific audit, not contracts with other customers.

G. Whether the work instructions for a specific OH and S process are focused on efficiency: Irrelevant. Efficiency is not the primary focus of an OH and S audit.

ISO References:

ISO 19011:2018, Clause 6.6.1: Conducting the closing meeting.

ISO 45001:2018, Clause 9.2: Internal audit requirements.

Clause 6.1.2 of ISO 45001:2018 emphasizes the identification of hazards and assessment of risks, and Clause 5.4 highlights the importance of consultation and communication among roles. The auditor ' s role includes verifying conformity to these clauses through evidence gathering and observation.

Analysis of Options:

A. The auditor should advise the organization to get rid of the walled area. This is outside the scope of an auditor’s role, which is to observe and report findings, not to dictate specific actions.

B. The auditor should ask the Maintenance Manager to conduct a safety survey. While safety surveys are useful, asking the Maintenance Manager to conduct one is not the auditor’s responsibility.

C. The auditor should check the lines of communication between the OHS Manager and Maintenance Manager. This aligns with ISO 45001:2018, Clause 5.4, as communication gaps may have contributed to the situation.

D. The auditor should check whether the organization has identified the safety hazards associated with the walled area. Clause 6.1.2 requires hazard identification. The auditor must determine whether this has been done.

E. The auditor should consider surveying more areas of the site for other potentially unsafe situations. Broadening the audit scope to identify additional risks is a good practice in line with Clause 9.2.2.

F. The auditor should demand that the Maintenance Manager deals with the wall. Demanding action is not within the auditor’s authority. The auditor should raise findings instead.

G. The auditor should raise a nonconformity against ISO 45001. While this may be appropriate depending on evidence, raising a nonconformity is not a replacement for good audit practices.

H. The auditor should refer the organization to health and safety authorities. This step is extreme and should only occur if there is an imminent danger and no action is being taken.

ISO References:

Clause 6.1.2: Hazard identification and risk assessment.

Clause 5.4: Worker consultation and participation.

Clause 9.2.2: Internal audit program and execution.

The auditor should assess whether the organization ' s planned action (using masks in case of dust extraction failure) is both implemented and effective. This aligns with ISO 45001 requirements to ensure that control measures are functional and meet the intended objectives.

Clause 8.1.2 (Hierarchy of Controls): The use of PPE, such as masks, is considered a last resort in the hierarchy of controls. The organization must demonstrate that the measure is:

Implemented (e.g., PPE is available and workers are trained to use it).

Effective (e.g., masks provide adequate protection against dust).

Analysis of Options:

A. Advise that the factory should cease operations if the dust extraction equipment malfunctioned. While ceasing operations may be a necessary control in extreme situations, it is not a practical or realistic recommendation unless a high-risk scenario cannot be otherwise managed.

B. Ask the OHSMS Manager to confirm regulatory compliance. Regulatory compliance is important but does not fully address the requirement to ensure the action is effective.

C. Seek evidence that the response action is both implemented and effective. This is the most appropriate response. The auditor must verify implementation and effectiveness to determine conformity.

D. Suggest increasing maintenance checks. Maintenance is important for preventing equipment breakdowns, but this option does not address the immediate audit finding about the adequacy of response actions.

ISO References:

Clause 8.1.2: Emphasizes applying the hierarchy of controls effectively.

Clause 9.1.1: Requires monitoring and measuring controls to ensure effectiveness.

Audit objectives for the audit team focus on ensuring the audit process is executed effectively, efficiently, and without causing undue disruption to the organization being audited. ISO 19011:2018 provides guidance on setting audit objectives.

Analysis of Options:

A. To reduce instances of injury and ill health: Incorrect. This is an objective of the OH and S management system, not of the audit itself.

B. To minimise risk resulting from the audit process: Correct. ISO 19011 emphasizes managing risks to the auditee and the audit process during audits (Clause 5.4).

C. To improve overall health and safety performance: Incorrect. Improving health and safety performance is an outcome of the OH and S management system, not the audit team ' s objective.

D. To complete the audit on time: Correct. Ensuring timely completion of the audit aligns with effective audit management.

E. To implement any necessary corrective action: Incorrect. Implementing corrective actions is the auditee’s responsibility, not the audit team’s.

Opportunities for improvement (OFIs) are suggestions provided during audits that do not indicate nonconformities but are aimed at enhancing the system’s performance.

Analysis of Options:

A. A quality control program could involve non-destructive testing of the welded handrails: While beneficial, this focuses on product quality rather than OH and S improvements.

B. Operational planning activities may benefit from an improved risk-based approach based on international standards for risk management: Correct. Enhancing risk-based thinking aligns with Clause 6.1.1.

C. A first aid station could be located next to the handrail polishing operation: While useful, first aid station placement is an operational matter, not directly related to OH and S management system improvement.

D. Additional internal audits of the OHS management system may reduce production problems: Internal audits should address system performance, not production problems.

F. The induction program for new employees could include an awareness training video on health and safety: Correct. Enhanced training for new employees addresses Clause 7.2 (competence).

G. The requirement for wearing protective gloves could be extended to shop floor workers across all operations: Correct. This improves hazard control in line with Clause 8.1.2.

H. The molding polishers should be disciplined for incompetency: Disciplinary actions are outside the scope of system improvement.

ISO References:

Clause 6.1.1: Risk management.

Clause 7.2: Competence.

Clause 8.1.2: Hierarchy of controls.

Clause 10.2 of ISO 45001 requires organizations to investigate incidents, determine root causes, and implement corrective actions to prevent recurrence.

Analysis of Options:

A. Check whether corrective actions were taken. This directly relates to the requirement to implement corrective actions to address the identified risks and hazards. Failure to do so would indicate nonconformity.

B. Determine whether the Health and Safety Authority was notified. Notification is a legal requirement in certain jurisdictions, but it is not explicitly required under ISO 45001 unless the legal context demands it.

C. Establish whether the root cause was determined. Root cause analysis is fundamental for effective corrective action. Without this, corrective measures may not address the underlying problem.

D. Find out when the operator ' s machine was last subject to maintenance. While maintenance is important, it does not directly address the incident ' s nonconformity.

E. Find out whether the operator was sent to the hospital. Sending the operator to the hospital is a reactive step and not relevant to compliance with Clause 10.2.

F. Interview the operator about PPE usage. This is relevant but insufficient for determining compliance with Clause 10.2.

ISO References:

Clause 10.2: Investigation of incidents, determination of causes, and implementation of corrective actions.

Clause 8.1.2: Hierarchy of controls and risk reduction.

Activities following the closure of a third-party audit are generally related to improving the audit process and addressing any unresolved issues.

Analysis of Options:

A. Addressing any audit complaints: Correct. Post-audit, complaints or concerns from stakeholders are addressed to improve the audit process and maintain credibility.

B. Conducting a closing meeting: Incorrect. The closing meeting occurs before the audit is closed.

C. Conducting a review of opportunities for improvement: Correct. Reviewing opportunities for improvement post-audit helps in refining processes and aligning them with organizational goals.

D. Revising the audit ' s objectives: Incorrect. Audit objectives are established during the planning phase, not after the audit has been closed.

E. Updating risks and opportunities to the audit programme: Incorrect. Updates to risks and opportunities occur during ongoing audits, not specifically post-audit.

F. Writing the audit report: Incorrect. The audit report is prepared before the audit is officially closed.

ISO References:

Clause 9.2.2: Audit process review.

ISO 19011:2018, Clause 6.7: Managing complaints and follow-up.

According to ISO 45001:2018, the PDCA cycle is explained in Clause 0.4. The Act phase is defined as: taking actions to improve continually the OH and S performance in order to achieve the intended outcomes . This clearly supports C. Making improvements as a correct answer.

Option D. Resetting objectives is also appropriate because ISO 45001 requires OH and S objectives to be reviewed and updated as appropriate . After checking performance results, the organization may revise or reset objectives as part of continual improvement and corrective action. This aligns with the Act stage, where changes are made to improve system effectiveness and performance.

The remaining options belong to other PDCA phases:

A. Verifying training relates more to evaluation of competence and effectiveness, which fits checking activities.

B. Measuring objectives belongs to the Check phase because ISO 45001 says Check includes monitoring and measurement against OH and S policy and objectives.

E. Providing infrastructure belongs to the Do phase because it is part of providing resources and operational support.

F. Auditing processes belongs to the Check phase because internal audits are part of performance evaluation under Clause 9.2.

Therefore, the correct answer is:

C, D

The correct responses are C and D .

Certification bodies are required to have documented procedures for determining audit time and to determine the time needed to plan and accomplish a complete and effective audit . Audit duration is not something that can simply be shortened because the client asks for less disruption. ISO/IEC 17021-1 requires the certification body to determine audit time through its documented process, and the justification for the duration must be recorded. ( IAS )

IAF MD 5 also states that certification bodies shall identify the audit time for each client and that this framework is used within the certification body’s processes to determine the appropriate audit time , taking into account the specifics of the client organization. That means the request may be considered , but it does not have to be accepted. ( IAF )

Therefore:

C. Advise that his request will be considered but may not be taken up is correct, because the certification body can review the request, but the final decision must still comply with its audit-time rules and adequacy requirements. ( IAF )

D. Advise the OHS Manager that the audit duration and team make-up will be decided in line with the internal procedures of the certification body is correct, because ISO/IEC 17021-1 requires the certification body to use documented procedures for audit time and team decisions. ( IAS )

Why the other options are incorrect:

A is inappropriate because the request is not automatically a reason to tell the client to choose another certification body.

B is incorrect because the request cannot simply be accepted without following the certification body’s rules. ( IAS )

E is too absolute; the request should be considered against the certification body’s requirements, not rejected automatically. ( IAF )

F is unnecessary because the people managing the audit programme already have the responsibility to handle such matters through the certification body’s procedures. ( IAS )

Clause 10.2 requires organizations to investigate nonconformities, determine their causes, and take corrective actions to prevent recurrence. Clause 9.2.2 specifies the requirements for managing internal audit processes, while Clause 7.4.3 emphasizes the need to communicate relevant information effectively.

Analysis of Options:

A. 9.2.2.e - Management failed to take any action to deal with the audit nonconformity: Correct. Management must ensure that internal audit findings are addressed promptly. The lack of action violates Clause 9.2.2.e.

B. 9.2.2.d - Staff were not made aware that health and safety incidents were increasing: Incorrect. This clause pertains to the planning and conduct of audits, not the communication of findings.

C. 8.1.1 - Operations were not properly controlled to avoid health and safety incidents: Incorrect. While increased incidents may suggest operational issues, this option does not directly relate to the internal audit findings.

D. 9.2.2 - Report IA202 contained a poorly worded nonconformity (NC3): Incorrect. The clarity of the nonconformity wording is not directly relevant to Clause 9.2.2.

E. 10.2.b - The root cause of the increase in reported health and safety accidents was not investigated: Correct. Failure to investigate root causes violates Clause 10.2.b.

F. 7.4.3 - The results of the internal audit IA202 were not communicated to interested parties: Correct. Effective communication of audit results is required under Clause 7.4.3.

ISO References:

Clause 9.2.2: Internal audit process requirements.

Clause 10.2: Nonconformity and corrective action.

Clause 7.4.3: Communication requirements.

ISO 45001 Clause 8.1.3 Management of change states that the organization must establish processes for the implementation and control of planned temporary and permanent changes that impact OH and S performance . It also says this includes new products, services and processes , and changes to existing products, services and processes . That makes A true. It also supports B , because the clause is specifically about changes that impact the organization’s OH and S performance .

Statement E is also true. If the organization decides, after an emergency preparedness and response exercise, that it needs to change part of the OHSMS to improve OH and S performance, then that change has to be implemented in a controlled way under the organization’s management-of-change process. ISO 45001 links emergency preparedness with improvement and requires changes impacting OH and S performance to be controlled.

Why the others are false:

C is false because ISO 45001 does not limit management of change to planned changes only. It says the organization must also review the consequences of unintended changes and take action to mitigate adverse effects.

D is false because Clause 8.1.3 does not require retaining documented information of all changes . The clause requires establishing processes for implementation and control, but it does not state a blanket requirement to retain documented information for every change.

F is false because developments in knowledge and technology are explicitly included in management of change, not excluded.

G is false because changes are not limited to those identified by the organization itself; the clause also includes changes in legal and other requirements , and changes in knowledge or information about hazards and risks .

H is false because ISO 45001 explicitly says management of change applies to temporary and permanent planned changes.

This statement is True .

ISO 45001:2018 requires the organization to determine, access, and comply with its legal requirements and other requirements related to occupational health and safety. It also requires the organization to evaluate compliance with those legal and other requirements as part of performance evaluation. This is clearly addressed in Clause 6.1.3 Determination of legal requirements and other requirements and Clause 9.1.2 Evaluation of compliance . Therefore, when an audit team conducts a certification renewal assessment, it is part of the audit responsibility to verify that the organization has established, implemented, and maintained processes to meet and evaluate compliance with applicable legal OH and S requirements.

In a renewal audit, the audit team is not limited to checking documents only. It must assess whether the management system continues to be effective and whether the organization fulfills the requirements of ISO 45001, including compliance obligations relevant to worker health and safety. Since legal compliance is a core expected outcome of the OH and S management system, checking this area is an essential audit activity before certification is renewed.

So the correct answer is:

A. True

The correct answers are A and F .

A. The auditee should review the audit plan for agreement is true because, in certification auditing practice, the audit plan is communicated to the client/auditee in advance and should be agreed regarding the practical arrangements for the audit. ISO guidance on certification auditing includes preparation of the audit plan and communication of the audit plan and audit team as part of planning audits. ( ISO )

F. The audit team leader must define the responsibilities of team members and observers is also true. ISO/IEC 17021-1 states that the audit team leader , in consultation with the audit team, shall assign to each team member responsibility for auditing specific processes, functions, sites, areas or activities . This is a direct audit-planning responsibility of the team leader. Observers are also part of the audit arrangements that must be defined and managed during planning. ( IAS )

Why the other statements are false:

B. The audit team leader should plan to interview each employee is false. Certification audits are conducted using sampling , not by interviewing every employee. Audit evidence is gathered on a representative basis. ( ISO )

C. The organisation must provide hospitality for the audit team is false. Hospitality is not a certification requirement and can raise impartiality concerns.

D. The audit team leader should audit the Occupational Health and Safety Manager is not a mandatory requirement. The audit plan must cover relevant processes, functions, activities and responsibilities, but it does not require the team leader personally to audit one named individual. ( IAS )

E. The organisation should cancel all staff leave during the audit is false. The auditee should ensure availability of relevant personnel as needed, but cancelling all leave is not an audit requirement.

Therefore, the two true statements are:

A, F

The correct answers are E, F .

ISO 45001 Clause 8.1.4.2 Contractors requires the organization to coordinate its procurement processes with its contractors, in order to identify hazards and to assess and control the OH and S risks arising from the contractors’ activities and operations that impact the organization, the organization’s activities and operations that impact the contractors’ workers, and the contractors’ activities and operations that impact other interested parties in the workplace . It also requires the organization to ensure that contractors and their workers meet the organization’s OH and S management system requirements.

In this case, the objective evidence already found during the audit supports the nonconformity:

the hazards list did not include contractor-related hazards;

the Purchase Manager relied on trust rather than controlled OH and S coordination;

the OH and S team said chemical safety had never been a problem, which is not evidence of hazard identification, risk assessment, or control.

The email shown at the closing meeting only states that contractors carry out a site risk assessment . That does not automatically demonstrate that Shelf-Fit itself has met Clause 8.1.4.2 requirements for coordinated procurement control, hazard identification, and control of contractor OH and S risks within its own management system. Therefore, the nonconformity should not simply be withdrawn on the spot.

E. Advise management that the information provided will be reviewed at the audit follow-up stage is acceptable because the auditee can submit corrective-action evidence after the audit. The certification decision and close-out process can consider additional evidence later, but that does not erase the nonconformity already supported by audit evidence gathered during the audit.

F. Note the OHS Manager ' s comments but indicate that there is evidence of a nonconformity that needs to be addressed is also acceptable because this is exactly what the audit team leader should do at the closing meeting: acknowledge the auditee’s response, but maintain the finding where objective evidence supports it.

Why the other options are not acceptable:

A is not appropriate at the closing meeting. The audit team should base findings on evidence gathered within the audit scope and timing, not start a new off-line investigation with contractors at that point.

B is weak audit management. The audit team leader should control the discussion and decision, not hand it over informally.

C is incorrect because the information is not irrelevant; it is relevant, but not sufficient to invalidate the nonconformity.

D is not acceptable because the email does not remove the original evidence of failure in Shelf-Fit’s contractor control process.

ISO 45001 emphasizes worker participation and engagement at all levels of the organization to support continuous improvement (Clause 5.4 and Clause 10.3). Continuous improvement requires input from everyone, including workers who identify hazards, report incidents, and contribute to safety enhancements.

Analysis of Options:

A. Everyone, at all levels of the company: Correct. Clause 5.4 explicitly includes all levels of the organization in consultation and participation, fostering continuous improvement.

B. Top management and senior officers only: Incorrect. While top management plays a crucial role in leadership, ISO 45001 extends the responsibility for participation to all levels.

C. Top management, senior officers, and designated safety representatives only: Incorrect. Limiting participation to designated representatives excludes a significant portion of the workforce from the improvement process.

D. Top management only: Incorrect. While top management must lead and commit to continuous improvement, their involvement alone is insufficient under ISO 45001.

ISO References:

Clause 5.4: Worker consultation and participation.

Clause 10.3: Continual improvement.

Analysis of Each Option:

ISO 45001 requires an organization to determine the external and internal issues that are relevant to its purpose and that affect its ability to achieve the intended results of the OH and S management system. This is established in Clause 4.1 – Understanding the organization and its context . External issues are typically conditions arising outside the organization, such as market conditions, social conditions, legal environment, economic factors, and technological developments. Internal issues are those related to the organization’s people, structure, culture, ownership, competence, and operational arrangements.

D. New technology available on the market is an external issue because it exists in the external business and technological environment. It is not created inside the organization, but it can affect how the organization manages OH and S risks and opportunities, for example by introducing safer equipment, automation, or new control methods. ISO 45001 guidance in Annex A recognizes that technological environment can be part of context analysis.

F. Average salaries in the business sector is also an external issue because it relates to the wider economic and labor-market environment, not the organization’s own internal arrangements. This kind of issue can influence recruitment, retention, competence availability, and worker welfare conditions, all of which may indirectly affect OH and S performance. It is part of the external economic context.

Why the other options are not external:

A. Increased number of outsourced processes is mainly an internal organizational decision about how work is arranged and controlled. Although outsourced providers are external parties, the increase in outsourcing is part of the organization’s internal operating model.

B. New owners of the organisation is an internal issue because ownership and governance are part of the organization’s internal structure and direction.

C. Workers joined a trade union is generally treated as an internal workforce/industrial relations issue , because it directly concerns the organization’s workers and participation arrangements.

E. Recently hired workers with limited command of the local language is an internal issue because it concerns the competence, communication, and workforce characteristics within the organization.

Therefore, the two options related to external issues are:

D, F